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TEAS Study Guide
Basic Science Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Flow of energy due to a difference in temperature. | Heat |
| The transition between the ______ and _____ phases of an atom (or molecule) is achieved by adding or removing heat from a system. | liquid & gas |
| An alteration of the physical state between a solid, liquid, and gas. | Phase Transition |
| In which the atoms are arranged in a highly ordered state, to a state in which the atoms lack true order. | Crystalline Order |
| Physical connection between atoms (or molecules) that does not alter the chemical nature of the atoms (or molecules) | Physical Bonding |
| A molecule that possesses both positive and negative atomic structure. | Polar Molecule |
| A metric temperature scale that is defined (at a standard pressure) by the melting point of ice (0 degrees C) and the boiling point of water (100 degrees C) | Celsius |
| The ratio of mass per volume for a substance. | Density |
| A metric temperature scale defined by an absolute zero reference point (0 K= -273degrees C) | Kelvin Scale |
| The temperature and pressure at which water will coexist as a solid, liquid, and gas. | triple-point |
| The energy required to raise one unit of mass of a substance by 1 degree C | Specific Heat |
| The amount of heat necessary to cause a phase transition between a liquid and a gas. | Heat of Evaporation |
| Elements that may accept or donate electrons readily, and possess a mixture of metallic and nonmetallic properties. | Metalloids |
| A metallic ion or positive ion | Cation |
| A nonmetallic ion or negative ion | Anion |
| Similar attractions for electrons | Electronegativities |
| The electrical attraction between ions of opposite charges. | Ionic |
| Sharing of electrons between atoms. | Covalent |
| Like methane, propane, and butane bond to hydrogen and carbon atoms. | Hydrocarbons |
| Saturated hydrocarbons;single bonds; most basic structure of the hydrocarbons (CnH2n+n) | Alkanes |
| Have one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms. | Unsaturated hydrocarbons |
| Double bonds. | Alkenes |
| Triple Bonds | Alkynes |
| Solutions with a pH value less than 7 (weak acids) | acidic solutions |
| Solutions with a pH value greater than 7 (strong acids) | basic solutions |
| Proteins that are water soluble; are built from amino acids that form chains ranging from a few dozen to thousands of members. | Globular proteins |
| Value is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration within a solution, and a substrate is a molecular surface acted upon by an enzyme. | pH |
| Chemical reactions with a cell | Metabolic pathways |
| The arrangement of electrons within orbits around the nucleus | Orbital Shells |
| Increase moving from left to right across a period (decreasing atomic radii); decreases moving down a group (increasing atomic radii) | Ionization |
| Control the rate of chemical reactions, or reactions in which atoms react to come to a stable state. | Catalysts |
| The molecular surface acted upon by an enzyme | substrate |
| Atoms with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons. | Isotopes |
| Anything that takes up space and has mass. | Matter |
| The quantity of matter an object has. | Mass |
| Substance that cannot be broken into simpler types of matter. | Elements |
| Positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom. | Proton |
| Neutral subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom. | Neutron |
| Negatively charged subatomic particles found in various energy levels (orbital shells) around the nucleus. | Electron |
| Waves of radiation that are characterized by electric and magnetic fields. | Electromagnetic waves |
| Wavelengths, ordered from SHORT to LONG ? | gamma ray, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, and radio waves |
| Spectrum can be further subdivided by color bands from Long to Short. Name them. | red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet |
| A _____ is a piece of DNA on a chromosome that controls a particular genetic trait. | gene |
| Multiple alternative forms to a gene; represented using letters | alleles |
| When both parents give the offspring the same allele | Homozygous |
| If each parent gives the offspring a different allele for a particular trait, the offspring is _________. | heterozygous |
| The physical expressions of genetic traits. | Phenotype |
| An organism's underlying genetic makeup or code is called? | Genotype |
| A complete set of DNA for an individual that contains all genes. | Genome |
| Erros during DNA replication | Mutagen |
| Mechanisms inspect the DNA for types of damage and attempt to repair it. | Excision repair |
| Reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum. | Germ Cells |
| ______________ are located in the nucleus of a cell and contain stretches of DNA called genes. | Chromosomes |
| Each pieces of the code; composed of three of the bases | Codon |
| Each codon matches to a specific ______ _____. | Amino Acids |
| The process carried out by green plants, green algae, and certain bacteria. | Photosynthesis |
| Energy from sunlight is trapped by the green pigment. | Chlorophyll |
| Organisms that are able to carry out photosynthesis due to the specialized organelle is called..? | Chloroplast |
| Organisms that cannot produce their own food. | Heterotrophs |
| During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down by the process of __________, which transfers some of the energy in glucose to ATP. | glycolysis |
| Then end-products of glycolysis are fed into the ____ ___ ___ (Krebs cycle) | citric acid cycle |
| The cells that form a new organism via sexual reproduction are called..? | Gametes |
| The process by which gametes reduce their DNA content is called..? | Meiosis |
| Cells that contain two sets of chromosomes are know as..? (Everything but gametes) | Diploid Cells |
| Cells that contain a single set of chromosomes are know as..? (Only gametes are) | Haploid Cells |
| In a diploid cell, each individual chromosome has a twin chromosome called a ..? | Homologous chromosome |
| Chromosomes with their sister chromatids line up on a plate. | Metaphase |
| In mitosis, __________ begins separating the two sets of chromosomes into different cells. | Cytokinesis |
| The spindle fibers form and the centrioles moves to opposite side of the cell. The nuclear membrane disappears. | Prophase |
| The chromosomes align midway along the spindle fibers. | Metaphase |
| The chromosomes begin to separate from their daughters. Cytokinesis begins. | Anaphase |
| Identical sets of chromosomes are at opposites ends of the cell. Spindle fibers disappear, nuclear membranes reappear, and cytokinesis completes. | Telophase |
| The process of cell duplication in which two daughter cells receive exactly the same nuclear material as the original cell. | Mitosis |
| Three phases of interphase and mitosis are..? | G1, Interphase, G2 |
| Contain sections called genes, which contain information that specifies the production of proteins | Chromosomes |
| A chain of amino acids results in a _______. | protein |
| The message stored in the bases of DNA must be transferred to the ribosomes to make proteins. Cells copy the instructions in the DNA to RNA | Transcription |
| The process of protein production from messenger RNA is called.. ? | Translation |
| Occurs when some individuals of a species are better able to survive in their environment and reproduce than other (survival of the fittest). | Natural Selection |
| Changes in the DNA that affect the way a gene functions. | Mutation |
| Some individuals of a species are better able to survive and adapt to the environment in which they live. | Adaptation |
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