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Carp115KeyCellGrowth

Prepare yourself for the Cell Growth section of the PA Keystone exam

QuestionAnswer
What stage of the cell cycles takes up 90% of the time? Interphase
What are the three phases of interphase? G1 S G2
What phase of interphase does growth typically occur? G1
What phase of interphase does replication of DNA occur? S
What phase of interphase does the cell prepare for cell division by replicating organelles and storing necessary macromolecules? G2
What are three stages of the cell cycle? Interphase Mitosis Cutokinesis
What stage of the cell cycle does the nucleus divide into two new nuclei? Mitosis
What are the four phases of mitosis? Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
What phase of mitosis does the nucleus disappear and the chromosomes condense and appear? Prophase
What phase of mitosis does the chromosomes align at the equator of the cell? Metaphase
What phase of mitosis does the chromatids break apart and the chromosomes move to opposite poles? anaphase
What phase of mitosis does the nucleus reform, chromosomes unwind and pinching begins? Telophase
What stage of the cell cycle does the cell split into two new daughter nuclei? Cytokinesis
What process creates two new diploid cells that are identical to the parent cell? Mitosis
What type of reproduction is mitosis considered? Asexual reproduction
What is a cell with two homologous copies of a chromosome called? Diploid
What is a cell with only one copy of chromosome called? Haploid
When discussing cells, what does 2n represent? Diploid
When discussing cells, what does n represent? Haploid
What process occurs when organisms grow and repair themselves? Mitosis
How many nuclear divisions does mitosis go through? 1
How many nuclear divisions does meiosis go through? 2
How many daughter cells are produced in mitosis? 2
How many daughter cells are produced in meiosis? 4
What process creates gametes? Meiosis
What type of reproduction is meiosis? Sexual reproduction
What process creates 4 new haploid cells? meiosis
What is the process of making an exact copy of DNA called? DNA replication
What does DNA replication produce? 2 new daughter strands that are identical to the parent strand
What macromolecule does DNA code for? Proteins
What process produces proteins in cells? Protein synthesis
What is another name for protein synthesis? Gene expression
What are the two stages of gene expression? transcription translation
Since prokaryotes lack a nucleus, where does transcription occur in prokaryotic cells? cytoplasm
Where does transcription occur in eukaryotic cells? nucleus
What type of organisms does gene expression occur in? All organisms
What process transfer the message in DNA to a coded message in RNA? transcription
What process transfer the message of RNA to proteins? translation
What is the monomer of DNA and RNA? nucleotide
What are the three parts of a nucleotide? phosphate group 5-carbon sugar nitrogenous base
What are the four nitrogen bases of DNA? adenine thymine cytosine guanine
What are the four nitrogen bases of RNA? adenine uracil cytosine guanine
How many strands does DNA have? 2
How many strands does RNA have? 1
What sugar makes up the backbone of DNA? deoxyribose
What sugar makes up the backbone of RNA? ribose
What type of RNA codes the message of DNA and then moves to the cytoplasm to be made into a protein? mRNA
What type of RNA makes up ribosomes? rRNA
What type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosomes to be made into proteins tRNA
What is a long chain of amino acids form? polypeptide chain
What process does the ribosome decode mRNA to produce a specific amino acid chain? translation
What do may polypeptide chains form? a protein
Where does translation occur in prokaryotes? on ribosomes floating in the cytoplasm
Where does translation occur in eukaryotes? it occurs across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum with the help of ribosomes
What kind of cells have ribosomes? Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
What are ribosomes made of? proteins ribosomal RNA
What macromolecule does ribosomes produce? proteins
Which RNA molecule contains a codon? mRNA
Which RNA molecule has an anticodon? tRNA
How many nucleotides code for a codon? 3
How many binding sites does the ribosome have to hold mRNA while its being translated? Three (3) The E,P,and A sites. The mRNA enters the ribosome at the A site. The P site is where the amino acids are added and the E site allows the polypeptide to exit the ribosome.
After a mRNA strand is translated, what happens to it? The m-RNA continues to move away from the E site and may move to another ribosome to produce another protein.
In order, what cellular structures produce and package proteins to be shipped out of the cell? 1. Nucleus (houses the DNA) 2. Ribosome (holds the mRNA to be translated by the tRNA) 3. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (holds the ribosomes and transports the proteins to the Golgi Complex) 4. Golgi Complex (packages and m the proteins out of the cell)
How does the endoplasmic reticulum help in the production of proteins? The ribosomes on the ER releases the polypeptide chain into the ER...the ER then transports the polypeptide chain to the area of the cell where it will be used
What does the Golgi apparatus (Golgi Complex) produce? glycoprotein
What is a glycoprotein? After the protein is produced by the rioosome and transport by the rough ER to the Golgi complex the protein is combined with a carbohydrate to produce a glycoprotein.
What happens to the glycoprotein after it is produced in the Golgi complex? it "pinches" off the Golgi apparatus as a vesicle and moves to the cell membrane to be expelled from the cell
Created by: carp115
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