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Social influence
AQA psychology unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define conformity | The result of social influence where people adopt behaviors, attitudes and values of the majority of the members of a group |
| Define obedience | A type of social influence where an individual acts according to orders, usually from an authority figure |
| Outline what is meant by informational social influence | Based on our desire to be right. We look at others who we consider to be correct to give us information on how to behave, usually in an ambiguous situation. |
| Outline what is meant by normative social influence | Based on our desire to be liked. We conform because we think people will like or approve of us. |
| Explain the difference between compliance and internalization | Compliance is publicly conforming to the behavior or views of others within a group while privately maintaining one's own views privately. e.g. football team Internalization is a conversion or true change of views both publicly and privately e.g. religio |
| Outline the procedure of Asch's study | 7 male students looked at two cards' the test card showed one vertical line, the other showed 3 lines of different lengths; call out which line was equal to 1st; all PPS were accomplices apart from 1. Acc gave wrong answers to 12/18 critical trials. |
| Outline the findings of Asch's study | Participants conformed to the unanimous incorrect answer on 32% of trials; 74% conformed at least once; 26% never conformed |
| In Asch's study, some people experience normative social influence because.... | They felt compelled to accept the mistaken majority's norms to avoid being rejected |
| Give two disadvantages of Asch's study | 1) All participants were male college students- Limited sample 2) Time and place- not generalizable- America in 1950's |
| Who looked at confidence of people doing a music degree compared to those who didn't? | Furman and Duke |
| How many conforming responses did Perrin and Spencer find in their replication of Asch's procedure? What did they conclude? | 1 out of 396. Found that cultural changes had led to a reduction in the tendency of conformity |
| Where did Zimbardo's prison study take place? | America |
| How long did Zimbardo's prison simulation study last? | 6 days out of 14 |
| In what ways did participants in Zimbardo's study demonstrate conformity? | 1) The guards harassed and humiliated the prisoners- so much so that the experiment had to be stopped after 6 days 2) Prisoners rebelled after two days |
| Give two criticisms that have been made concerning the ethics of Zimbardo's study | 1) Deceived participants leading to lack of fully informed consent (did not know they would be arrested at home) 2) Psychological harm to participants: Savin criticised Zimbardo for the way the prisoners were humiliated, which led to some depression |
| In what way did Zimbardo criticize his own role in his simulation study? | He said he was wrong to act as both superintendent and chief researcher as this meant he lost sight of his purpose in the study |
| In what year was Zimbardo's study? | 1973 |
| What was the main aim of Milgram's experiment? | To find out whether ordinary Americans would obey an unjust order from a person in authority |
| How many volunteers were in Milgram's study, and how much were they paid? | There were 40 participants, and they were paid $4.50 |
| What were the participants told in Milgram's study was about and did this lead to an ethical issue? | Participants were told that the study concerned the role of punishment in learning. This led to the ethical issue of deception |
| What was the role of the teacher in Milgram's experiment? | To administer shocks every time the learner got an answer wrong |
| How many levers did the shock generator have in Milgram's study? | 30 |
| When was Milgram's study? | 1963 |
| What voltage did shocks start at in Milgram's experiment and what did they end at? | They started at 15 volts, and ended at 450 volts |
| Give one example of a prod in Milgram's experiment | 'Please continue'/'The experiment requires that you continue'/You have no other choice, you must go on' |
| How many participants administed 300 volts in Milgram's experiment? | All participants administered 300 volts |
| What percentage of participants administered 450 volts? | 65 per cent |
| Give to conclusions of Milgram's study | 1) Under certain circumstances, most people will obey orders that go against their conscience 2) Atrocities such as the holocaust may be largely explained in terms of pressures to obey authority (situational, not dispositional) |
| Give one advantage and one disadvantage of Milgram's study | Advantage: Increased awareness of ethical guidelines amongst psychologists and led to code of ethics Disadvantage: Lack of informed consent/Psychological harm |
| What did Hofling et al (1966) study? | Obedient nurses |
| What was the name and dosage of a the drug Hofling told the nurse to give to a patient | 20 milligrams of Astrofen |
| In Hofling's study, how many nurses obeyed orders? | 21 out of 22 |
| Whose study contradicts Hofling et al and what did they find? | Rank and Jacobson's study contradicts Hofling et al's where only 2/18 nurses obeyed orders |
| Who studied the Power of Uniforms? Where? | Bickman in New York |
| Give one advantage and one disadvantage of Bickman's the Power of Uniforms | Advantage: It's ecologically valid as it's in a natural setting Disadvantage: The opportunity sample of participants may have affected the findings |
| "An important feature of Milgram's study was the gradual way in which participants were sucked in to giving higher shocks" Which explanation of why people conform is this? | Gradual commitment |
| In relation to explanations of why people obey, why do people obey legitimate authority? | We respect their credentials and assume they know what they are doing |
| A contractual what is another explanation of why people obey and could also be linked to Milgram's study? | Contractual obligation |
| What are the two levels of the agentic shift? | 1) Autonomous individuals: Behaving voluntarily and aware of their actiosn 2) Agentic level: Seeing themselves as the agents of others and not responsible for their actions |
| What are the two binding factors in relation to the agentic shift? | 1) Fear of appearing rude or arrogant 2) Fear of increasing anxiety levels by challenging the authority figure |
| What is a buffer? | An aspect of a situation that prevents the individual from having to live up to the consequences of their actions e.g. Milgram 'I will take responsibility' |
| What two types of personality could also explain Milgram's findings? | Authoritarian: Highly authoritarian gave more shocks Psychopathic: Miale and Selzer (1975) claimed the experiment was a socially acceptable expression of their psychopathic impulses |
Created by:
Emma_Schofield
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