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History Terms 1 and
Foundations of American History
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Electoral College | Group of electors, chosen by the voters, who vote for President |
| Anti-Federalist | Opponents of the Constitution during the debate over its ratification; opposed to the concept of a strong central government |
| Federal Paper #10 | Written by Madison in response to the fears of a federal government coming under the control of one powerful fraction- it said that because US was so big no single faction could control the government. |
| The Federalists Papers | Papers written by Federalists in attempts to get supporters to ratify the Constitution. |
| Election of 1789 | Washington won unanimously, first president of the United States |
| Loose Construction | Belief that the government can do anything that the Constitution does not prohibit |
| Whiskey Rebellion | Unrest in 1794 caused by opposition to a tax on whiskey |
| Alexander Hamilton | Officer in the War for Independence; delegate to the Constitutional Convention; Federalist and first Secretary of the Treasury |
| Judiciary Act of 1789 | The act created a national court system with three circuit courts and thirteen district courts, all headed by the Supreme Court. It also said that the Supreme Court would settle differences between state and federal laws |
| Townshend Act | In 1767, placed duties on certain imported goods, such as glass and teas |
| Loyalists | Person who remained loyal to Great Britain during the Revolution |
| Battle of Saratoga | Revolutionary War battle in 1777 in New York, a turning point in the war |
| Constitution | Plan of government that describes the different parts f the government and their duties and powers |
| Thomas Jefferson | Third President of the United States, 1801-1809, main author of the Declaration of Independence; a firm believer in the people an d decentralize power; reduced the federal government |
| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | Established a process by which territories, as lands in the West were called, could become states |
| Virginia Plan | Submitted by Edmund Randolph, it called for the creation of bicameral national legislature. Each state would send a representative in proportion to the number of its citizens. |
| Executive Branch | Branch of government, headed by the president, that enforces the laws |
| 3/5th Compromise | Compromise at the Constitutional Convention calling fort three fifths of a states slave population to be counted for the purposes of legislative representation |
| Staple Crop | A crop that is in constant demand, such as cotton, wheat or rice |
| Middle Passage | One leg of the triangular trade; term also used to refer to the forced transport of slaves |
| Charles II | King of England in the 1680’s |
| Gentry | Wealthy class |
| French and Indian War | War from 1754 to 1763 between France (with allied Indians) and Britain and its colonists |
| George Washington | First President of the United States 1789-1797 led American forces in war |
| Proclamation of 1763 | Order by the British King that closed the region west of Appalachian Mountains to colonists |
| Declaratory Act | The act that denied “Taxation without representation” to the Americans, claiming that Britain had the final say |
| Sons of Liberty | An anti-stamp act group, founded by Samuel Adams |
| Intolerable Acts | Acts created to punish Boston in 1774, known as the Coercive Acts. Limited town meetings to once a year, suspended Massachusetts general court. |
| Common Sense | Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine and published in January 1776, which called for American Independence from Britain |
| Conquistador | A Spanish explorer |
| Columbus | An Italian explorer that opened up the Western Hemisphere to Europe |
| Charter | Certificate of permission given by the government |
| Legislature | A lawmaking assembly |
| Jamestown | An English settlement in 1607, about 60 miles from the mouth of the James River |
| Puritan | People who favored the purification of England’s Anglican Church |
| Mayflower Compact | Agreement in which the settlers of Plymouth Colony agreed to obey their governments’ laws |
| Salem Witch Trials | The prosecution and execution of 20 women and men for witchcraft in Massachusetts in 1692 |
| King Philip’s War | War, beginning in 1675, between English colonies and Native Americans |
| John Winthrop | Founder of the Puritan colony and governor, writer/orator of “A Model of Christianity Charity.” |
| William Penn | English Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania in 1681 |
| Proprietary Colony | A colony granted by a king or queen to an individual or a group that has full governing rights |
| Mercantilism | Economic theory that a country should acquire as much bullion, or gold and silver, as possible |
| Navigation Act | A tax by England to America that controlled colonial trade. It required colonies to sell certain goods, including sugar, tobacco and cotton, only to England. |
| William and Mary | Mary was the Protestant daughter of James II (of England) and William was her consort, William of Orange |
| Great Awakening | Religious revival in the American colonies during the 1730’s and 1740’s |
| Jonathan Edwards | A minister in Northampton, Massachusetts that is believed to have an affect on the Great Awakening |
| Albany Plan of Union | 1754 proposal by Benjamin Franklin for the creation of a grand council of representatives from Britain’s American colonies |
| Ben Franklin | Colonial inventor, printer, writer, statesman; contributed to the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution |
| William Pitt | Britain’s prime minister in 1757, he persuaded Parliament to raise taxes and borrow large sums of money to fight the Seven Years War |
| Stamp Act | A 1765 law passed by the British Parliament that taxed newspapers, legal documents, and other printed materials in the colonies |
| Sugar and Quartering Act | Passed in 1764, marked the start of a new British policy designed to raise money. It cut duty on foreign molasses by half, in order to increase the amount of imported molasses |
| Committee of Correspondence | A gathering in several colonies for a meeting to plan a united response to the Intolerable Acts (became known as the First Continental Congress) |
| Tea Act | It was created by the British in order to save the East India Company. It allowed the company to sell its surplus tea in the American colonies. The act retained the import tax on tea. (Caused the Boston Tea Party) |
| Battles of Lexington and Concord | First battles of the Revolutionary War, on April 19th, 1775 |
| Thomas Paine | Author of political pamphlets during the 1770s and 1780s; wrote Common Sense in 1776 |
| Declaration of Independence | a 1776 statement, issued by the second continental congress, explaining why the colonies wanted their independence from Britain |
| Battle of Bunker Hill | Revolutionary War battle in 1775 North of Boston |
| Battle of Yorktown | Revolutionary War battle in 1776 in Virginia, won by the Confederacy. |
| John Adams | Second President of the United States, 1797-1801; worked to relieve increasing tensions with France; lost reelection bid to Jefferson in 1800 as the country moved away from Federalist policies |
| Articles of Confederation | Plan that established in 1781, a limited national government in the United States |
| Shay’s Rebellion | An uprising against taxes in Massachusetts in 1786 and 1787 |
| New Jersey Plan | An opposition to the Virginia Plan, as created by the small states (William Paterson of New Jersey), having the key features: Congress the right to tax, creation of executive and judicial branches, every state equal vote in Congress |
| Judicial Branch | Branch of government, made up of courts and judges, that interprets and applies the law |
| William Paterson | Of New Jersey, proposer of the New Jersey Plan |
| Edmund Randolph | Proposer of the Virginia Plan |
| Enlightenment | 18th century movement that emphasized science and reason to improve society |
| Baron de Montesquieu | Philosopher during the Enlightenment who came up with the idea of separation of power |
| Alexander Hamilton | Officer in the War for Independence; delegate to the Constitutional Convention; Federalist and first Secretary of Treasury |
| Encomienda System | Native Americans were required to farm for the profit of a Spaniard and in return their well being was to be ensured for |
| Cortes | A Spanish Conquistador that conquered the Aztecs |
| Joint-Stock Company | Company funded and run by a group of investors who share the company’s profits and loses |
| House of Burgesses | Virginia legislature formed in 1619 |
| John Smith | Leader of the Jamestown, Virginia colony in the early 1600s |
| Quaker | Member of a protestant group that emphasize equality |
| Great Migration | Migration of English settlers to Massachusetts Bay Colony beginning in the 1630’s |
| Sachem | A Native American leader |
| William Bradford | Participated in the drawing up of the Mayflower Contract; was elected governor of the colony 30 times; helped create a form of government in which the people guided their own affairs; wrote a moving history of the colony |
| Middle Colonies | English colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware |
| James Oglethorpe | A Georgia trustee who wanted to make a haven for people who had been in jail in England because they could not pay their debts. |
| Salutary Neglect | Great Britain’s policy in the early 1700’s of not interfering in the American colonies |
| Triangular Trade | Trade between the Americas, Europe and Africa |
| James II | King of England, who attempted to take direct control over New York and New England by creating the Dominion of New England |
| Dominion of New England | An action that abolished colonial legislatures within the Dominion and replaced them with a governor and a council appointed by King James II. |
| John Peter Zenger | Colonial printer arrest for libel; his land mark trial established truth as a defense against libel |
| George Whitefield | A minister during the Great Awakening (after Jonathan Edwards) who toured the colonies seven times between 1738 and 1770. |
| Treaty of Paris (1763) | Treaty that ended French and Indian War and in which France gave up its land |
| Boston Massacre | Incident on March 5th, 1770, in which British soldiers in Boston killed 5 colonists |
| Pontiac’s Rebellion | A 1763 rebellion by Native Americans in the Great Lakes |
| Stamp Act Congress | A congress about the 1765 laws passed by British Parliament that taxed newspapers |
| James Otis | From Massachusetts, began the Stamp Act Congress |
| 1st Continental Congress | See Committee of Correspondence |
| 2nd Continental Congress | Assembly of the representatives from the colonies that first met in May 1775 in Philadelphia |
| Boston Tea Party: | The act of the committee of correspondence, in response to the Tea Act they dumped British Tea into the Atlantic |
| Oliver Branch Petition | Plea by the American colonists to King George III in 1775 to halt fighting |
| Natural Rights | Rights that belong to the people simply because they are human |
| Battle of Trenton | Revolutionary War battle in 1776 in New Jersey |
| Treaty of Paris (1783) | Treaty that ended the Revolutionary War and in which Britain acknowledged American independence |
| Bill of Rights | First ten amendments to the Constitution |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | A system that divided the Northwest Territory into areas of uniform size |
| Constitutional Convention | Convention that met Philadelphia in 1787 to draft the Constitution of the United States |
| Legislative Branch | Branch of government that makes the laws |
| Great Compromise | Compromise at the Constitutional Convention calling for 2-house legislature, with one house elected on the basis of population and the other representing the states equally |
| James Madison | Fourth President of the US, 1809-1817, called the Father of the Constitution for its leadership at the CC |
| Roger Sherman | A judge from Conn., member of a committee to prepare the Declaration of Independence |
| John Locke | English philosopher, supported the revolution |
| Federalist | Supporter of the Constitution during the debate over ratification; favored a strong central government |
| John Jay | Came to the first continental congress, had a moderate view |
| Magellan | First to cross the “South Sea” from the Americas (Portuguese) explored on Spanish ships |
| Pizarro | Conquistador set out to conquer Incas (Peru) |
| Royal Colony | Colony with a governor appointed by the King |
| Bacon’s Rebellion | Revolt in 1676 by Virginia Colonists against the royal governor |
| New England Colonies | English colonies that became the states of Conn, RI, Mass., Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine |
| Pilgrim | one of a group of English separatists who established Plymouth Colony |
| Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795 | Treaty between Spain and US that was named after Thomas Pinckney, American diplomat, included: the southern boundary of the United States was 31, America could use the Mississippi River, Spain would control their Native Americans |
| XYZ Affair | Controversy in 1798 over French demands for bribes from American negotiators |
| Virginia and Kentucky Resolution | : Resolutions passed in 1798 that attacked the Alien and Sedition Acts as being unconstitutional |
| 12th Amendment | Changed how the President ran, had to specify whether it was for vice or president |
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lilee256
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