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Bonini Flashcards
US History Vocabulary Flashcards
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| located along the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico; broad lowlands providing many excellent harbors | Coastal Plain |
| imaginary lines that run north to south on a map | Lines of Longitude |
| extend from Eastern Canada to Western Alabama; includes the piedmont; has old, eroded mountains (oldest mountains in N. America | Appalachian Highlands |
| imaginary lines that run east to west on a map | Lines of Latitude |
| wrapped around the Hudson Bay in a horseshoe shape; hills worn by erosion & hundreds of lakes carved by ice | Canadian Shield |
| rolling flat lands with many rivers, broad river valleys, and grassy hills | Interior Lowlands |
| flat lands that gradually increase in elevation westward; mostly grasslands | Great Plains |
| rugged mountains that stretch from Alaska to almost Mexico; high elevations; contains the Continental Divide, which determines the directional flow of rivers | Rocky Mountains |
| located west of the Rocky Mountains and east of the Sierra Nevadas and Cascades; varying elevations containing isolated mountains; contains Death Valley, the lowest point in North America | Basin & Range |
| located on the Pacific Coast, stretching from California to Canada; has rugged mountains and fertile valleys | Coastal Range |
| served as a highway for explorers, early settlers, and later immigrants | Atlantic Ocean |
| provided access to other parts of the world (Asia) | Pacific Ocean |
| used by the French and Spanish as an exploration route to Mexico and other parts of America | Gulf of Mexico |
| port cities grew in the Midwest along these lakes | Great Lakes |
| used to transport farm and industrial products; links to other ports in the U.S. and around the world | Mississippi River and Missouri River |
| forms part of the border between the U.S. and northeastern Canada; connects the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean | St. Lawrence River |
| gateway to the West | Ohio River |
| forms the border between the U.S. and Mexico | Rio Grande River |
| explored by Lewis and Clark | Columbia River |
| explored by the Spanish | Colorado River |
| lived in the Arctic, Alaska and northern Canada; climate is below freezing most of the year; lived in houses made of ice called igloos | Inuit |
| lived in Pacific Northwest; climate is mild and rainy; lived in houses made of plank boards | Kwakiutl |
| lived in the Great Plains; dry, interior grasslands; lived in teepees, which were tents made of bison skin | Lakota |
| lived in Southwest desert, present-day Arizona and New Mexico; climate is hot and dry; lived in adobe homes near mountains and cliffs | Pueblo |
| lived in northeastern North America (Eastern Woodlands); four distinct seasons and heavily forested; lived in longhouses | Iroquois |
| things that come directly from nature • fish • trees • clay • stones | natural resources |
| people working to produce goods and services • fisherman • hunters • farmer | human resources |
| someone who studies human behavior and cultures of the past through the recovery and analysis of artifacts | archaeologist |
| goods produced and used in order to make other goods and services • bow and arrow • canoes • tools | capital resource |
| one of North America’s oldest archaeological sites; located along the Nottoway River in southeastern Virginia; archaeologists found evidence that people lived here 18,000 years ago | Cactus Hill |
| sailed for England; explored eastern Canada | John Cabot |
| sailed for Spain; claimed the Southwest of the U.S. for Spain | Francisco Coronado |
| sailed for France; claimed the Mississippi River Valley for France | Robert La Salle |
| sailed for France; founded the French settlement of Quebec | Samuel de Champlain |
| made voyages of discovery along the coast of West Africa | Portugal |
| controlled trade in West Africa from 300-1600; traded gold for metals, cloths, and other goods with Portugal | Ghana, Mali, and Songhai |
| economics: gold, natural resources, trade; spreading Christianity; competition for trade/cultural superiority | Motivations for Exploration |
| poor maps and navigational tools; disease; fear of the unknown; lack of adequate supplies | Obstacles to Exploration |
| exchanged goods and ideas with American Indians; improved navigational tools and ships; claimed new territories | Accomplishments of Exploration |
| taught farming techniques to Europeans; believed land was to be shared and NOT owned | American Indians |
| founded by the Separatists from the Church of England who wanted to avoid religious persecution (hint: pilgrims) | Plymouth Colony |
| founded by the Puritans who wanted to avoid religious persecution | Massachusetts Bay Colony |
| founded by the Virginia Company of London as an economic venture | Jamestown Settlement |
| founded by Sir Walter Raleigh as an economic venture; known as The Lost Colony | Roanoke Island |
| founded by the Quakers who wanted to practice their religion without interference | Pennsylvania Colony |
| founded by people in English debtors prisons who wanted economic freedom | Georgia Colony |
| specialized in shipbuilding, fishing, naval supplies, and metal tools; moderate summers and cold winters; villages and church; town meetings | New England Colonies |
| specialized in livestock, grains, and fish; mild winters and moderate climate; diverse religions and lifestyles; market towns | Mid-Atlantic Colonies |
| specialized in cotton, indigo, rice, tobacco and forest products; mild winters and hot, humid summers; plantations and Church of England; counties | Southern Colonies |
| lived predominately in the South; owned slaves; were educated in some cases; had rich social life | Large Landowners (plantation masters) |
| worked the land according to the region; relied on family members for labor | farmers |
| craftsmen who worked in towns and on plantations; lived in small villages and cities | artisans |
| caretakers and homemakers; not allowed to vote; few opportunities for getting an education | women |
| people who did not have money to pay for their passage to America and agreed to work without pay for the person who paid for their passage; free at end of contract | indentured servants |
| allowed to own land ; NOT allowed to vote; had economic freedom and worked for pay | free African Americans |
| captured in Africa and sold to slave traders; shipped to colonies and sold into slavery; owned as property and had NO rights; often born into slavery | enslaved African Americans (slaves) |
| focusing on making one or few products; specialty | Specialization |
| two or more people who depend on each other for goods and services | Interdependence |
| no representation in Parliament; power of colonial governors; King’s control over colonial legislatures; opposed taxes; Proclamation of 1763 | Reasons for Colonial Dissatisfaction |
| document that said colonists could not settle in the land west of the Appalachian Mountains | Proclamation of 1763 |
| unalienable rights: life, liberty, pursuit of happiness; governments are established to protect those rights; government derives power from the people; people have a right to change a government that violates their rights | Declaration of Independence |
| five colonists were shot and killed after taunting British soldiers | Boston Massacre |
| the Sons of Liberty, led by Sam Adams and Paul Revere, dumped chests of tea into Boston Harbor to protest laws & taxes | Boston Tea Party |
| delegates from every colony except Georgia met in Philadelphia to discuss problems with Britain and promote independence | 1st Continental Congress |
| first armed conflict of the Revolutionary War; “shot heard around the world” | Lexington and Concord |
| the “turning point” of the Revolutionary War; France decided to join the Americans and fight against the British | Battle of Saratoga |
| British General Lord Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington & the continental army; the last major battle of the Revolutionary War | Surrender at Yorktown |
| Britain officially recognized American independence with this; peace treaty between the Americans and Great Britain | Treaty of Paris (1783) |
| prominent member of the Continental Congress; helped frame (write) the Declaration of Independence; helped gain French support for American independence | Benjamin Franklin |
| commander of Continental Army; 1st President of the US; federal court was established during presidency; Bill of Rights added to Constitution; helped create national capital in D.C. | George Washington |
| championed the cause for independence during the American Revolution; 2nd President of the US; a two-party system emerged during his presidency | John Adams |
| main author of the Declaration of Independence; 3rd President of the US; bought the Louisiana Purchase from France | Thomas Jefferson |
| outspoken member of Virginia’s House of Burgesses; inspired colonial patriotism with his “Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death” speech | Patrick Henry |
| patriot who made a daring ride to warn colonists of British soldier arrival | Paul Revere |
| British king during the American Revolution | King George III |
| former slave who wrote poems and plays supporting American independence | Phillis Wheatley |
| British general who surrendered to George Washington and the continental army at Yorktown | Lord Cornwallis |
| first constitution of United States had many weaknesses: 1. weak national government 2. congress couldn’t tax or regulate trade 3. no common currency 4. each state had only one vote 5. no executive or judicial branches | Articles of Confederation |
| supreme law of the United States | US Constitution |
| first 10 amendments of the Constitution (freedom of speech, freedom of religion, right to bear arms); written guarantee of individual rights | Bill of Rights |
| 4th President of the US; main author of the US Constitution; president during the War of 1812 (against Great Britain) | James Madison |
| 5th President of the US; introduced the Monroe Doctrine | James Monroe |
| -made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate (Congress) -makes laws | Legislative Branch |
| -made up of the President, Vice President, and cabinet -enforces or carries out laws | Executive Branch |
| -made up of the Supreme Court (9 Justices) -interprets or decides meaning of laws -makes sure laws follow the Constitution | Judicial Branch |
| decided how many votes each state would have in the Senate and House of Representatives (Congress) | Great Compromise |
| African American surveyor and astronomer who helped design the layout of Washington, DC | Benjamin Banneker |
| caused European nations to gain respect for the United States | War of 1812 |
| warned European nations not to interfere with the Western Hemisphere | Monroe Doctrine |
| -Legislative Branch -Executive Branch -Judicial Branch | 3 Branches of Government |
| President Jefferson bought this from France and it nearly doubled the size of the U.S. | Louisiana Purchase |
| Spain gave this to the U.S. through a treaty | Florida |
| added as a state after becoming an independent republic | Texas |
| split between the U.S. and Great Britain | Oregon Territory |
| war with Mexico resulted in this state and the Southwest Territory becoming part of the U.S. | California |
| the belief that expansion was for the good of the U.S. and was the right of the U.S. | Manifest Destiny |
| invented by Eli Whitney; increased the production of cotton which increased the need for slave labor | cotton gin |
| invented by Cyrus McCormick and Jo Anderson; increased the productivity of the American farmer | reaper |
| improved by Robert Fulton; provided faster water transportation | steamboat |
| provided faster land transportation | steam locomotive |
| a person who organizes resources to bring a new or better good/service to market in hopes of making a profit | entrepreneur |
| people who worked to end slavery | abolitionist |
| the right to vote | suffrage |
| led hundreds of slaves to freedom along the Underground Railroad | Harriet Tubman |
| wrote the Liberator and worked for the immediate emancipation of all slaves | William Lloyd Garrison |
| wrote the North Star and worked for rights for African Americans and women to better their lives | Frederick Douglass |
| a former slave, was a nationally known advocate for equality & justice | Isabella (Sojourner) Truth |
| an advocate to gain voting rights for women & equal rights for all | Susan B. Anthony |
| played a leadership role in the women's rights movement | Elizabeth Cady Stanton |
| someone who is the first to think of or make something | inventor |
| Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state | Missouri Compromise |
| California entered as a free state and the Southwest would decide the slavery issue for themselves | Compromise of 1850 |
| people in each state would decide the slavery issue through popular sovereignty | Kansas-Nebraska Act |
| a tax on products from other countries to make people choose locally-made goods over foreign-made goods | tariff |
| 16th President of the US; wanted to preserve the Union during the Civil War; wrote the “Gettysburg Address” | Abraham Lincoln |
| president of the Confederate States of America (CSA) during the American Civil War | Jefferson Davis |
| leader of the Army of Northern Virginia during the Civil War; turned down command of Union Army; urged Southerners to accept defeat and unite as Americans | Robert E. Lee |
| General of the Union Army; accepted Robert E. Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, VA | Ulysses S. Grant |
| skilled Confederate general during the Civil War | Stonewall Jackson |
| nurse who founded the American Red Cross | Clara Barton |
| African American soldier and later naval captain who was highly honored for his feats of bravery and heroism during the Civil War; went on to become a US Congressman | Robert Smalls |
| written by President Lincoln; said the Civil War was to preserve the government “of the people, by the people, and for the people.” | Gettysburg Address |
| marked the beginning of the Civil War | Fort Sumter |
| first major battle in the Civil War | 1st Battle of Manassas (Bull Run) |
| made “freeing slaves” the new focus of the war; many freed slaves joined the Union army | Emancipation Proclamation |
| gave the Union control over the Mississippi River; divided the South in half | Battle of Vicksburg |
| the turning point of the Civil War; the North repelled Lee’s invasion | Battle of Gettysburg |
| Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant here, marking the end of the Civil War | Appomattox Court House |
| to set free | emancipate |
| the people choose/rule | popular sovereignty |
Created by:
MrsBonini
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