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Anatomy for Mortuary
mortuary science anatomy
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| study of anatomy at the macroscopic level | gross anatomy |
| study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals | histology |
| branch of life science which deals with the study of cells in terms of structure, function, and chemistry | cytology |
| an approach to anatomic study organized by organ systems | systemic anatomy |
| study of anatomy based on regions or divisions of the body and emphasizing the relations between various structures | regional anatomy |
| Topographical anatomy | Pathological anatomy |
| study of anatomy based on regions or divisions of the body and emphasizing the relations between various structures | Topographical anatomy |
| body standing feet together, arms to the side, head/eyes/palms facing forward | Anatomical position |
| towards the front | Anterior/ventral |
| towards the rear end | Posterior/dorsal |
| towards the head | Superior/cephalic |
| towards the feet | Inferior/caudal |
| toward midline | Medial |
| away from midline | Lateral |
| nearest point of attachment | Proximal |
| remote from point of attachment | Distal |
| near the surface | Superficial |
| far down from top of surface | Deep |
| affecting opposite side of body | Contralateral |
| affecting same side of body | Ipsilateral |
| medial line or plane of the body | Midline |
| divides body into anterior and posterior sides | Coronal plane |
| lengthwise cut dividing body into right and left portions | Sagittal plane |
| divides the body into superior and inferior portions | Transverse plane |
| reproductive, skeletal, respiratory, endocrine, cardiovascular, muscular, digestive, nervous, lymphatic, urinary, integumentary | 11 body systems |
| epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous | Types of tissues |
| line cavities and surfaces of structures in the body | Epithelial tissue |
| supports, connects, or separates different types of tissues/organs | Connective tissue |
| soft tissue, composes muscles | Muscular tissue |
| carries out all informational signals in body | Nervous tissue |
| flat, scale-like cells, superficial layer | Squamous |
| cube-like shape cells | Cuboidal |
| taller than wide shaped cells | Columnar |
| cells respond primarily to oriented edges and gratings | Simple |
| cells having striations | Stratified |
| cells appearing to be striated, but actually are not | Pseudo-stratified |
| cardiac, skeletal, smooth | Types of muscle tissue |
| main component of the nervous system | Nervous tissue |
| nerve fiber, long, slender projection of a nerve, away from cell body | Axons |
| branched projections of a neuron, toward cell body | Dendrites |
| non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons | Glial cells |
| packages protein inside cells | Golgi apparatus |
| primary site of biological protein synthesis | Ribosomes |
| involved in organization of mitotic spindle and cytokinesis | Centriole |
| interconnected network of vesicles | Smooth/rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| breakdown waste and debris | Lysosome |
| contains genetic material | Nucleus |
| inside nucleus | Nucleolus |
| cellular power plants (ATP) | Mitochondria |
| lines used to find a point on the body | Linear guide |
| anatomical "land marks" used to find a point on the body | Anatomical guide |
| points of origin and termination | Anatomical limit |
| line from midline of neck between the tip of mandible and the sternum extend line superiorly along the anterior border of the SCM and then anteriorly along the lower margin of the body of the mandible | Anterior triangle of the neck- Linear |
| hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage | Anterior triangle of the neck- Found within the triangle |
| line on surface of skin from a point over the sternoclavicular articulation to a point over the anterior surface of the base of the respective earlobe | Common carotid |
| right and left common carotid arteries are located posterior to the medial border of the SCM | Common carotid artery- Anatomical guide |
| right common carotid artery: begins at the level of the right sternoclavicular articulation and extends to the superior border of the thyroid cartilage. Left common carotid artery: begins at level of the second costal cartilage and extends to the superior | Common carotid artery- Anatomical limit |
| right common carotid: terminal branch of brachiocephalic artery | Common carotid artery- Origins |
| Left common carotid: branch off the arch of the aorta. no branches of the right common carotid, except terminal bifurcation into right internal and external carotid arteries | Common carotid artery- Branches |
| line over or through the center of the base of the axillary space to a point over or through the center of the lateral border of the base of the axillary space (parallel to the long axis of the abducted arm) | Auxillary artery- Linear guide |
| located just behind the medial border of the coracobrachialis muscle | Auxiliary artery- Anatomical guide |
| axillary artery extends from a point beginning at the lateral border of the first rib to the inferior border of the tendon of the teres major muscle | Axillary artery- Anatomical limit |
| axillary artery is a continuation of the subclavian artery | Axillary artery- Origin |
| highest (supreme) thoracic artery, thoracoacromial artery, lateral thoracic artery, subscapular artery, anterior humeral circumflex artery, posterior humeral circumflex artery | Axillary artery- Branches |
| Sartorius muscle = medial border, adductor longus = lateral border, inguinal ligament | Femoral triangle- Borders |
| femoral artery extends from a point behind the center of the inguinal ligament to the opening in the adductor magnus muscle | Femoral artery- Anatomical limit |
| femoral artery is a continuation of the external iliac artery | Femoral artery- Origin |
| superficial epigastric, superficial circumflex iliac, external pudendal, profunda femoris | Femoral artery- Branches |
| umbilical, epigastric, hypogastric, left lumbar, right lumbar, left ileum, right ileum, right hypochondriac, left hypochondriac | 9 regions of the abdomen |
| ascending colon, right kidney, gallbladder, small intestine, liver, transverse colon | Right hypochondriac |
| esophagus, liver, spleen, stomach, pancreas, kidneys, small intestine, transverse colon | Epigastric |
| descending colon, left kidney, liver, pancreas, small intestine, spleen, stomach, transverse colon | Left hypochondriac |
| ascending colon, right kidney, gallbladder, small intestine, liver | Right lumbar |
| kidneys, pancreas, ureters, transverse colon, stomach, small intestine | Umbilical |
| descending colon, left kidney, small intestine | Left lumbar |
| appendix, right fallopian tube, ascending colon, cecum, right ovary, small intestine | Right iliac |
| prostate, seminal vessical, rectum, sigmoid colon, fallopian tubes, small intestine, ovaries, urinary bladder, ureters, uterus, vas deferens | Hypogastric |
| left fallopian tube, descending colon, left ovary, sigmoid colon, small intestine | Left iliac |
| study of bones | osteology |
| long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid | Types of bones |
| axial (80 bones) and appendicular (126) | Divisions of skeleton |
| anchored by muscles, aids in tongue movement | Hyoid bone |
| 24 vertebrae, 9 fused vertebrae, protects spinal cord | Vertebral column |
| neck vertebrae inferior to skull (C1- C7) | Cervical |
| chest, middle segment of vertebral column (T1-T12) | Thoracic |
| back (5 vertebrae between rib cage and pelvis) | Lumbar |
| large triangular bone at base of spine | Sacrum |
| tailbone | Coccyx |
| manubrium, body of sternum, xiphoid process | Parts of sternum |
| long, curved bones that form the ribcage | Ribs |
| first 7 ribs, directly attached to sternum | True ribs |
| ribs 8-12, 3 shared a common cartilaginous connection to the sternum; last 2 are "floating" (attached to vertebrae only) | False floating ribs |
| set of bones which connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton on each side (clavicle and scapula) | Pectoral girdle |
| humerus, radius, ulna, scaphoid, trapezium, triquetrum, metacarpal, carpal, phalanges | Bones of arm and hand |
| coxa, sacrum, coccyx | Pelvic girdle |
| femur, patella, tibia, fibula, metatarsus, tarsus, phalange | Bones of leg and foot |
| anatomy of ligaments of the body | Syndesmology |
| fibrous tissue connects bones to other bones | Ligaments |
| anatomical feature on an infant's skull, "soft spots" | Fontanels |
| location where 2 or more bones make contact | Joints |
| place when 2 bones are joined together where little or no movement happens | Immovable joints |
| limited range of movement due to either fibrous tissue or cartilage | Slightly moveable joints |
| ball and socket, condyloid, hinge, saddle, gliding, pivot | Freely moveable joints |
| gastrointestinal tract | Alimentary canal |
| oral cavity bounded by lips, cheeks, gums | Buccal cavity |
| saliva helps with digestion | Salivary glands |
| incisors, canine, premolar, molar | Teeth number and type |
| part of digestive system and respiratory system | Pharynx |
| muscular tube through which food passes from pharynx to stomach | Esophagus |
| valve between distal end of esophagus and stomach | Cardiac sphincter |
| mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, adventitia | Layers of esophagus |
| involved in the second phase of digestion | stomach |
| ridges produced by folding of the wall of a gastric organ | Rugae |
| semi-fluid mass of partially digested food expelled by stomach into duodenum | Chyme |
| peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid | Gastrin |
| stomach epithelium cells that secrete gastric acid | Parietal cells |
| gastric chief cell or parathyroid chief cell | Chief cells |
| part of stomach attached to esophagus | Cardia of stomach |
| left portion of stomach's body (most superior) | Fundus of stomach |
| largest part of stomach | Body of stomach |
| surround body | Greater and lesser curvatures of stomach |
| inferior to body | Pyloris (stomach) |
| strong ring of smooth muscle at end of pyloric canal | Pyloric sphincter |
| isthmus, body, base | Layers of stomach |
| first section of the small intestine | Duodenum |
| middle section of small intestine | Jejunum |
| final section of small intestine | Ileum |
| fold or ridge of tissue | Plicae |
| stretching stomach leads to secretions in the gut | Gastroenteric reflex |
| sphincter muscle at junction of small intestine/large | Ileocecal valve |
| found in that portion of duodenum which is above the sphincter of oddi | Brunners glands |
| organized lymphoid nodules | Peyers patches |
| final section of digestive system | Colon |
| beginning of large intestine | Cecum |
| ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal | Large intestine order |
| cleans, filters blood, produces bile | Functions of liver |
| multibranched polysaccharide serves as a form of energy storage | Glycogen |
| formed by the convergence of right hepatic duct and left hepatic duct | Hepatic duct |
| short duct that joins the gallbladder to the common bile duct | Cystic duct |
| formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and cystic duct | Common bile duct |
| peptide hormone of the G.I. system responsible for stimulating digestion of fat and protein | Cholecystokinin |
| regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine cells | Beta cells- islet of Langerhans |
| peptide hormone secreted by the pancreas, raises blood glucose levels | Glucagon |
| enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of starch into sugars | Amylase |
| enzyme that catalyzes the formation of fats | Lipase |
| enzymes that break down polymeric macromolecules into their smaller building blocks in order to facilitate their absorption by the body | Digestive enzymes |
| essential in urinary system, regulate electrolytes, maintain acid-base balance, regulate blood pressure | Kidneys |
| propel urine from kidneys to urinary bladder | Ureters |
| collects urine excreted by kidneys before disposal by urination | Bladder |
| connects urinary bladder to genitals for removal of fluids from the body | Urethra |
| enzyme that participates in the body's renin-angio tension system | Renin |
| peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure | Angiotension |
| innermost part of the kidney | Medulla |
| tough, fibrous layer surrounding the kidney | Capsule |
| surrounds the apex of renal pelvis | Calyx |
| funnel-like dilated proximal part of the ureter in kidney | Renal pelvis |
| basic structural and functional unit of kidney | Nephron |
| performs first step in filtration of blood to form urine | Bowman's capsule |
| network of capillaries that performs the first step of filtering blood | Glomerulus |
| portion of nephron containing the tubular fluid filtered through the glomerulus | Renal tubule |
| portion of a nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to distal convoluted tubule | Loope of Henle |
| windpipe, tube connects pharynx and larynx to lungs | Trachea |
| passage of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs | Bronchi |
| essential respiratory organ | Lungs |
| terminal ends of the respiratory tree | Alveoli |
| lateral wall of nose | Nares trubinates |
| part of digestive system/respiratory system | Pharynx |
| windpipe | Trachea |
| prevent collapsing of trachea | C-shaped rings in trachea |
| vocal folds | Glottis |
| flap made of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane | Epiglottis |
| site of gas exchange | Alveoli |
| organ system that passes nutrients, gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to/from cells in the body | Circulatory system |
| pumps blood through blood vessels.... Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium | Heart |
| part of circulatory system transports blood throughout the body | Blood vessels |
| network of conduits that carry lymph | Lymphatics |
| 8-12 pints | Amount of blood in the body |
| 9-12 oz | Size of normal heart |
| study of the circulatory system | Angiology |
| first to describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped though body by the heart | William Harvey |
| erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes | Cells in a drop of blood |
| red blood cells | Erythrocytes |
| white blood cells | Leukocytes |
| cells lack major organelles, play a key role in blood clotting | Thrombocytes |
| holds blood cells in whole blood in suspension | Plasma |
| blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart | Arteries |
| blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart | Veins |
| extend and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries | Arterioles |
| small blood Bessel in the microcirculation that allows blood to return from capillary beds to larger blood vessels- veins | Venules |
| tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima | Layers of arterial wall |
| network of small blood vessels that supply large blood vessels | Vasa vasorum |
| final product of the blood coagulation step in hemolysis | Blood clotting |
| study of the muscular system | Myology |
| intrinsic ability of the heart/myocardium to contract | Contractility |
| cardiac, smooth, skeletal | Types of muscle tissue |
| striated muscle tissue existing attached to bones | Skeletal muscle |
| involuntary non-striated muscle, found within the walls of blood vessels | Smooth muscle |
| involuntary striated muscle found in myocardium | Cardiac muscle |
| occipitofrontalis, zygomaticus minor/major, risorius, depressor angularis oris, orbicularis oris, mentalis, depressor labii inferioris, masseter, orbicularis oculi, levator palpebrae superioris, SCM, platysma | Head and neck muscles |
| deltoid, pectoralis major, bices brachii, brachialis, brachio radialis, rectus abdominis, transversusabdominis, internal/external oblique | Trunk muscles |
| biceps brachii, brachialis, deltoid, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, teres minor/major, triceps brachii, brachioradialis, extensordia, torum, flexor carpiradialis, flexor carpiulnaris, palmaris longus | Upper extremity and shoulder muscles |
| iliacus, tensor fascia lata, rectus femoris, illotibiactract, magnus, adductor canal, gracillis, Sartorius, vastus medialis, quadriceps femori | Muscles of lower extremity |
| movement of blood through the vessels of the body induced by the pumping action of the heart | Circulation |
| aorta, right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle, septum, blood vessels | Parts of the heart |
| veins that return deoxygenated blood from body | Superior/ inferior vena cava |
| CENTER OF DRAINAGE, receives deoxygenated blood | Right atrium |
| between right atrium and right ventricle | Tricuspid valve |
| receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium | Right ventricle |
| between right ventricle and pulmonary arteries | Pulmonic valve |
| from right and left pulmonary arteries to lungs, carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs | pulmonary artery |
| FOUR, carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of heart | Pulmonary veins |
| receives oxygenated blood from left/right pulmonary veins | Left atrium |
| lies between left atrium and left ventricle | Mitral valve = bicuspid |
| receives oxygenated blood from left atrium via mitral valve | Left ventricle |
| between left ventricle and aorta | Aortic valve |
| ARCH = CENTER OF DISTRIBUTION, part of aorta begins at level of upper border of second sternocostal articulation of right side, runs at first upward, backward, to left in front of trachea, then backward on left of trachea and downward on left side of body | Ascending aorta and arch |
| brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian | Branches of arch of aorta |
| (innominate) branches into right subclavian and right common carotid, first branch of arch of aorta | Brachiocephalic artery |
| supply head/neck with oxygenated blood | Left common carotid artery |
| supply blood to left arm | Left subclavian artery |
| major arteries of upper chest below clavicles, receive blood from the arch of aorta | Subclavians |
| major arteries of neck, branch from subclavian arteries and merge to form single basilar artery | Vertebrals |
| circle of arteries that supply blood to brain and surrounding structures | Circle of Willis |
| thick, visceral branch of abdominal aorta, dividing into left gastric, common hepatic, splenic arteries | Celiac axis |
| system of veins comprising hepatic portal vein and its tributaries | Hepatic portal system |
| nourishes other portions of the head (face, scalp, skull, meninges) with oxygenated blood | External carotid artery |
| subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib, after passing the axillae it is called the brachial artery, just below the elbow the brachial artery branches into the radial/ulnar arteries | Circulation from subclavian to hands |
| carries lymph towards the heart | Lymph and lymphatics |
| largest lymphatic vessel in body; collects most of the lymph in the body | Thoracic duct |
| secretes different types of hormones directly into bloodstream | Endocrine system |
| HGH, blood pressure, sex organ function (endocrine) | Pituitary |
| largest endocrine gland, controls how quickly body uses energy, makes proteins (endocrine) | Thyroid |
| produce parathyroid hormones (endocrine) | Parathyroids |
| endocrine... sit atop kidneys | Suprarenals = adrenals |
| gametes (testes, ovaries) Endocrine | Gonads = heterocrine |
| endocrine gland producing hormones and is a digestive organ | Pancreas = Islets of Langerhans |
| endocrine, exocrine, heterocrine | Types of glands |
| secrete into the blood or tissue fluid rather than into a duct | Endocrine |
| secretes into a duct (ex. salivary, sweat, oil = sebaceous glands) | Exocrine |
| has both endocrine and exocrine secretions | Heterocrine |
| anterior lobe, stress/growth/reproduction/lactation | Anterior pituitary and hormones |
| posterior lobe, large collection of axonal projections from hypothalamus | Posterior pituitary |
| found in neck below Adam's apple | Thyroid gland |
| endocrine glands sit atop kidneys | Adrenal gland |
| mediates stress response through production of cortisol, etc. | Adrenal cortex |
| center of gland, surrounded by adrenal cortex | Adrenal medulla |
| glandular organ | Pancreas |
| system of organs work together for purpose of reproduction | Reproductive system |
| specialized organ of immune system | Thymus |
| produces melatonin | Pineal gland |
| coordinates actions of an individual and transmits signals between different parts of his body | Nervous system |
| integrates information received from all parts of body | Central nervous system |
| tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extend from brain | Spinal cord |
| nerve fiber, long projection of a nerve cell | Axon |
| branched projections of a neuron, act to conduct the electrochemical stimulation received from other neutral cells to cell body | Dendrite |
| permits the neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell | Synapse |
| convey blood away from Bowman's capsule in kidney | Efferent |
| convey blood towards Bowman's capsule in kidney | Afferent |
| superior-most region of central nervous system | Cerebrum |
| motor control | Cerebellum |
| posterior part of brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with spinal cord | Brain stem |
| region of neural tube which gives rise to posterior forebrain structure | Diencephalon |
| nerves, ganglia outside brain and spinal cord, connects CNS to limbs and organs | Peripheral nervous system |
| emerge directly from the brain, 12 pairs | Cranial nerves |
Created by:
Brenda Wince
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