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Pathology test 1 ME
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a depressed lesion that doesn't extend through the epithelium | abrasion/erosion |
| red colored | erythematic |
| black macules, is a pigment from a restoration | amalgam tattoo |
| variation of normal, not pathologic | atypical |
| non-cancerous, less aggressive condition | benign |
| elevated lesion, larger than 1cm, filled with clear fluid | bulla |
| well-defined | circumscribed |
| growing together, becoming one large lesion | coalesced |
| movement of teeth toward each other | convergent |
| ripples/washboard-like | corrugated |
| covered with a scab, can also describe perioral lesions | crusted |
| list of probable causes of a particular disease manifestation/group of manifestation | differential diagnosis |
| when all suspected causes except one have been eliminated it becomes a... | definitive diagnosis |
| movement of teeth away from each other | divergent |
| from within the body | endogenous |
| lesions that grow into surrounding tissue and present as palpable masses with or without noticeable swelling | endophytic |
| from an outside source (outside the body) | exogenous |
| lesions that grow outward from tissue surface | exophytic |
| consisting of many deep crevices | fissured |
| fluid filled lesion that moves fluid from one area to another when the lesion is pressed | fluctuant |
| located in most of the tissues in one area (diffuse) | generalized |
| the balance within the systems of the body | homeostasis |
| hardening (of lymph nodes) | indurated |
| wound or distinct area in with a pathologic change has taken place | lesion |
| found in one area only (focal) | localized |
| ENLARGED, indurated, sometimes tender lymph nodes | lymphadenopathy |
| flat lesion, differentiated from surrounding tissue by color difference, less that 1 cm in diameter | macule |
| cancerous, aggressive condition | malignant |
| cancer of the pigment producing cells (melanocytes) | melanoma |
| consists of both radiopaque and radiolucent areas | mixed |
| radiolucent lesion made up of compartments (soap bubble appearance) | multilocular |
| raised lesion, no fluid, less than 2 cm but more than 5 mm in diameter | nodule |
| consists of finger-like projections | papillary |
| raised lesion, no fluid, less than 5 mm | papule |
| flat lesion, differentiated from surrounding tissue by color, more than 1 cm. OR area has different surface texture with or without color change | patch |
| a stalk like base of a lesion | pedunculated |
| broad, slightly raised, flat top, looks pasted on | plaque |
| intraoral counterpart of a crust, is a false membrane that covers a lesion and can be wiped off | pseudomembrane |
| pus | purulent exudates |
| raised lesion, filled with pus/purulent exudates | pustule |
| darker than the normal radiographic appearance of bone | radiolucent |
| whiter than the normal radiographic appearance of bone | radiopaque |
| destruction of the teeth's roots | resorption |
| broad base of a lesion | sessile |
| raised lesion, no fluid, more than 2 cm | tumor |
| depressed lesion, extends through the epithelium into the dermis | ulcer |
| a single radiopaque or radiolucent area | unilocular |
| elevated lesion, 1 cm or less, filled with clear fluid | vesicle |
| accumulation of dead cells, dead bacteria, and dead & dying WBC's | abscess |
| cellular self destruction; cell nucleus disintegrates and cell falls apart. remnants digested by phagocytic cells and removed via the lymph system | apoptosis |
| decrease in size and function of a cell, tissue, organ. caused by reduced functional demand, hormonal stimulation, nutrient supply (including O2), and/or normal process of aging | atrophy |
| necrosis specific to lesions found in lungs of people with tuberculosis. lesions called tubercules, cells inside tubercule become necrotic and form cheese-like material | caseous necrosis |
| occurs primarily when there's been cell hypoxia or ischemia (myocardial infarction), cardiac cells die and become firm and opaque | coagulative necrosis |
| an additional disease process/condition occurring at the same time and resulting from conditions associated with the 1st disease process | complication |
| creation of abnormal cells from normal cells, includes changes in size - shape - nuclear changes within - irregular arrangement within tissue | dysplasia is mild, moderate, or severe |
| cause of the disease/pathologic entity | etiology |
| worsening of a disease condition | exacerbate |
| glands that excrete their products through a duct onto the surface of the skin or other organ | exocrine system |
| highly reactive class of chemical that is generated by the cell during most of it's normal metabolic processes | free radical |
| diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland usually resulting from a combination of hypertrophy and hyperplasia | goiter |
| an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, results in enlargement of that part | hyperplasia ex. gingival hyperplasia, hypercementosis |
| an enlargement of individual cells, increases size of tissue or organ. commonly caused by increased functional demand or hormonal stimulation | hypertrophy ex. thyroid and muscle cells |
| lack of oxygen to the cells that inhibits/stops the production of energy within the cell | hypoxia |
| of unknown cause, causative agent not yet discovered | idiopathic |
| the time that a disease is developing but there are no overt signs or symptoms | incubation period |
| skin, hair, nails, and sweat & sebaceous glands | the integumentary system |
| a decreased supply of oxygen to a call | ischemia |
| time during disease development - no overt manifestations of the disease, but it can be found by using other means (lab tests, radiographs) | latent period |
| occurs when the body is dealing with a bacterial infection (especially by staphylococci and streptococci). WBC's destroy bacterial and host cells, area is walled off from healthy tissue, body unable to remove debris fast enough resulting in an abscess | liquefactive necrosis |
| an observable/quantifiable characteristic associated with a specific type of pathology. including signs, symptoms, lab results, radiographs, ect.) | manifestation |
| the conversion of one differentiated cell type to another | metaplasia |
| the illness or disability associated with a disease | morbidity |
| death, can occur as a consequence of a disease process | mortality |
| cell death. cell unable to adapt to environment by nonlethal means. | necrosis |
| new growth of cells, pathologic growth of cells, cell growth continues unchecked | neoplasia |
| the manner in which a disease progresses | pathogenis |
| the study of disease, or, the study of abnormal conditions that may result from: disease, traumatic injury, structural/biochemical errors, genetic abnormalities, ect. | pathology |
| an estimate of the most likely outcome of a disease | prognosis |
| a disease state that is brought on by conscious or subconscious reactions or attitudes | psychogenic |
| flare-up of a disease, can occur weeks-months after the pathology was thought to be gone | relapse |
| the natural ability of an organism to remain unaffected by pathogenic or toxic agents | resistance |
| occurs when the affected person or body part returns to normal | resolution |
| predisposing conditions | risk factors |
| a condition or pathology that occurs as a result of that disease ex. burn - scar | sequela |
| an objective observation usually made by a clinician, sometimes a patient, about clinical manifestations of the disease process | sign |
| anything (physical or psychologic) that causes the body to initiate the stress response | stress |
| conditions within or around the organism/host that don't inhibit the action of pathogenic agents | susceptibility |
| a subjective report of what a patient is feeling (fatigue, headache, nausea, ect.) | symptom |
| inadequate salivary flow | xerostomia |
| define health | a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity |
| the role of healthcare provider has changed from dictator to... | advisor and facilitator |
| patients are encouraged to... | be dynamic partners in their healthcare |
| what are a hygienist's 3 roles? | 1. tobacco cessation 2. OCS (let patient know) 3. annual blood sugar testing |
| define disease | an interruption, cessation, or disorder of body functions, systems, or organs. |
| periodontal infections have an impact on... | heart disease, stroke, diabetes, respiratory disease, preterm low-birth weight babies |
| periodontal disease, oral cancer that metastasizes somewhere else in the body - are examples of... | an oral disease with systemic affects |
| caries are an example of... | an oral disease |
| primary cancer that metastasizes in the oral cavity, AIDS - are examples of... | a systemic disease with oral effects |
| the prevention specialist of the dental team is the... | hygienist |
| together the extraoral and intraoral exams make up the... | oral cancer screening |
| all patients must be assessed for indications of medical/oral problems prior to initiating dental treatment. T or F? | True |
| many conditions that are found in the oral cavity are referred to as... | lesions |
| a wound or distinct area in which a pathologic change has occurred is a ... | lesion |
| where is the most common location for extraoral cancer? | lips |
| where is the most common location for intraoral cancer? | later border and ventral surface of tongue. floor of mouth. |
| an extraoral exam is... | assessment of all visible areas of skin, and the head & neck |
| when does the extraoral assessment being? | as the patient enters the clinic, you observe their gait, posture, speech, ect. |
| there is no set sequence for exams, | but you should do them the same way every time to avoid missing things |
| when recording a description of an abnormality there must be enough info to... | provide another healthcare worker with enough info to decide whether or not it is resolving or worsening |
| numbness/tingling | parasthesia |
| findings indicative of malignant conditions: | -parasthesia -single area involved -ill-defined/ragged borders -flat, indurated, fixed lesions -altered PDL and/or lamina dura -mixed red & white, or velvety red lesions -lesions on: lateral borders tongue, soft -palate, floor of mouth, lip |
| radiographic findings indicative of malignant conditions: | evidence of bone expansion, root erosion, displacement, or resorption |
| findings indicative to benign conditions: | -nonulcerated lesions -bilateral -sharply demarcated borders -multiple areas involved -elevated, soft, moveable lesions -lesions have a direct cause & effect relationship |
| terms used to describe location of lesion: | inferior, superior, lateral, medial, anterior, posterior, distal, mesial try to pick a fixed point of reference close to lesion to start description |
| describing distribution, size, and shape: -single vs multiple lesion -multiple distinct vs coalescing -sessile vs pedunculated -exophytic vs endophytic -ulcers vs erosions -indurated vs fluctuant | -macule -vesicle -bulla -pustule -papule -nodule -tumor -plaque |
| white lesions that can't be wiped off... | usually indicate excess keratin |
| indicated an inflammatory reaction | erythematic |
| yellow indicated presence of... | purulent exudates or adipose (generalized - jaundice) |
| brown, black, and blue pigments are usually... | blue - varicosity, salivary glands brown & black - foreign bodies, amalgam tattoo |
| the most common symptoms associated with bone lesions are... | pain and parasthesia |
| describing lesions with radiographic terms: | radiopaque - radiolucent - mixed unilocular - multilocular well defined - ill defined borders localized - generalized resorption - convergence - divergence |
| process of creating a differential diagnosis: | describe abnormality, list similar ones, scrub list with info (meds, conditions, age), rank according to probability, order and perform tests/biopsy/x-rays ect describe, list, question, final list, refine list |
| what is the gold standard of diagnosis? | excisional biopsy or partially excisional biopsy |
| factors of disease process: | -causes/etiology -events/characteristics that make certain people more susceptible/resistant -pathogenesis -possible manifestations on a cellular, tissue, or organ basis |
| the first element in the development of disease/pathology is the... | causative factor/etiology |
| can be a single cause as in tuberculosis | or multifactorial etiology as in hypertension or heart disease |
| if there is more than one causative factor it's called a... | multifactorial etiology |
| multifactorial etiologies usually have a combo of... | extrinsic (ex. trauma, breaks cause of osteoporosis) and intrinsic (ex. osteoporosis) features |
| conditions that can be passed on through genetics are | hereditary |
| high resistance means | low susceptibility |
| low resistance means | high susceptibility |
| resistance is affected by... | risk factors/predisposed conditions (risk factors decrease resistance increases) |
| certain people are at a higher risk of developing a disease based on | genetic predisposal (ex. alcoholism, sickle cell anemia, tay-sachs affects jews more) |
| a deficit in any part of the immune system will cause a decrease in the resistance of the host, called... | immune system disfunction (ex. leukemia, born without WBC's) |
| the first line of defense includes the | integumentary system (skin), exocrine system (stomach acid, salivary glands) |
| a compromised first line of defense leads to | increased susceptibility of the host (ex. damaged salivary glands - xerostomia, burns - damaged skin) |
| the body is less able to adapt to physical, biologic, and mental stresses at... | the beginning of life and later years |
| if a person is compromised by one disease/condition they are | at a higher risk of developing a 2nd disease/condition |
| the more risk factors involved, | the higher the potential for developing a disease/condition synergistic effect (2+2=5) |
| resistance is affected by what risk factors? | genetics, immune system dysfunction, compromised first line of defense, age, lifestyle, stress, environment, preexisting conditions, multiple risk factors |
| time in which the disease is developing but are no overt signs of symptoms | incubation period |
| objective observation made by clinician | sign (fever, low BP, rash) |
| subjective report of what patient is feeling | symptom (fatigue, headache, nausea) |
| sign + symptom = | manifestation |
| time during disease development when are no overt manifestations, but disease can be found with lab tests, radiographs, ect | latent period |
| the manifestation of a disease starts with | the cellular basis |
| disease affects: | cells - tissues - organs - body |
| disease extent | how many cells of the body are affected ex. jaundice |
| disease seriousness | exactly which cells are affected ex. treatable hep A, liver cancer |
| changes inside the cell/area surrounding cell as a result of normal or pathologic process, damage is reversible is normal conditions are reestablished | cellular adaptation ex. pregnancy, callous |
| forms of cellular adaptation: | atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, intracellular retention of substances |
| once dysplasia has reached severe the cell is close to | neoplasia |
| can neoplasia reverse? | no, is not adaption |
| dysplasia cells resemble in appearance | cancer cells |
| cells that retain/store certain substances that are either normally present in smaller quantities or are pathologic. can return to normal. | intracellular retention of substances. ex. amalgam tattoos, pencil lead |
| occurs if there is persistent/chronic damage or if cell is no longer able to adapt to changes | reversible cellular injury |
| reversible cellular injury most commonly results from... | free radical injury, hypoxic injury, impairment of calcium balance within cell |
| lose how many cells a day, shed by the skin | 10 billion |
| in reversible cell injury the cell... | starts to die but early death is reversible. can have scarring, loss of function. |
Created by:
mnerion
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