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Nursing Research
Study cards for Polit Nursing Research chapters 1-7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Concept | An abstraction based on observation of behaviors or characteristics (stress, pain) |
| Two methods of research | Quantitative and Qualitative |
| Variable | An attribute of a person or object that varies |
| Types (names) of Variables | Continuous, Discrete, Catagorical, Independent, Dependant, Diachotomous |
| Concept | A VARIABLE, An Abstraction Based On Observation of Behaviors Or Characteristics (Abooboc) |
| Variable | An attribute of a person or object that varies |
| Concept has two definitions | Conceptual and Operational definitions |
| Conceptual Definition | The abstract or theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied |
| Operational Definition | The instrument, The definition of a concept or varibale in terms of the procedures by which it is to be measured |
| Independant Variable | The resumed cause or influencing the Dependant Variable |
| Dependant Variable | The outcome or effected variable. |
| Evidenced based practice | Incorporates research findings into their clinical decision |
| What is at the basis for making clinical decisions | Evidence hierarchy (research) |
| What are the paradigms | Positive, Determinism and Naturalistic |
| Positive Paradigm assumes | That there is an ojective realisity and that natural phenomena are regular and orderly |
| Determinism assumes | Phenomena are the result of PRIOR CAUSES and are not HAPHAZARD |
| Naturalistic Paradigm | Assumes that reality is not a fixed entitiy bu is rather a construction of human minds and thus "truth" is a composite of multiples constructions of reality |
| Constructions of Reality | Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Prior Causes NOT haphazard | Determinism |
| Regular and Orderly | Positivism |
| Quantitative Research | Collection of analysis of numeric information. Conducted within the Scientific Method |
| Scientific Method | A systematic controlled process usually associated with Quantitative Research |
| Emperical Evidence | Evidence collected by way of the human senses and strive for Generalizability. |
| Term to describe expressing findings beyond a setting or situation | Generalizability |
| Paradigm strives to undertanding the HUMAN EXPERIENCE | Naturalistic |
| Naturalistic Paradigm is associated with | Qualitative Research |
| Basic Research | Is designed to extend the base of information for the sake of knowledge |
| Applied Research | Focuses on discovering solutions to IMMEDIATE PROBLEMS |
| Which research focuses on Indentification | Qualitative |
| Which research focuses on Prediction and Control | Quantitative |
| Which research focuses on Description, Exploration and Explanation (DEE) | Both Qualitative and Quantitative |
| One noted rejection of the Quantiative method | It is reductionist (reduces human experiene to only the few concepts under investigation) |
| Reality Exists, there is a real world driven by real natural causes | Positive Paradigm |
| Reality is multiple and subjective, mentally constructed by individuals | Naturalistic Paradigm |
| The inquirer is independant from those being researched | Positive Paradigm |
| Findings are not influenced by the researcher | Positive Paradigm |
| The inquirer interacts with those being Researched | Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Findings are the creation of the interactive process | Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Values and biasis are to be held in check | Positive Paradigm |
| Objectivity is sought | Positive Paradigm |
| Subjectivity and values are inevitable and desirable | Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Deductive is part of this paradigm | Positive Paradigm |
| Inductive is part of this paradigm | Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Emphasis Discrete specific concepts | Positive Paradigm |
| Verification of researchers 'Hunches' | Positive Paradigm |
| Fixed design | Positive Paradigm |
| Tight controls over context | Positive Paradigm |
| Emphasis on measured, quantitative information,and statistical analysis | Positive Paradigm |
| Seeks Generalizability | Positive paradigm |
| Inductive processes are associated with this paradigm | Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Emphasis on the entirety of some phenomenon | Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Holistic | Naturalistic paradigm |
| Emerging interpretations grounded in participants experience | Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Flexible Design | Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Context-bound | Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Emphasis on narrative information | Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Qualatiative Analysis is this Paradigm | Naturalistic Paradigm |
| This paradigm seeks patterns | Naturalistic Paradigm |
| Quantitative terms for person contributing information to research | Subject, Study participant and Respondent |
| Qualitative terms for person contributing information to research | Study Participant, informant |
| Which one is not a qualitative term; Researcher, Investigator, Scientist | Scientist |
| Quantitative terms for that which is being investigated | Concepts, Constructs and Variables |
| Qualitative term for that which is being investigated | Phenomena and Concepts (PC) |
| Quality of Evidence for Quantitative includes | Reliability Validity Generalizability Objectivity (VORG) |
| Quality of Evidence for Qualitative term includes | Dependability Credibility Transferability Confirmability |
| The overall location for the research | Site |
| Setting where research is conducted | Setting |
| Qualitative and Quantitative Researches BOTH investigate? | Concepts ONLY |
| Qualitative reasearches investigate | Concepts and Phenomena |
| Qualitative researchers investiage | Concepts, Constructs and Variable |
| What are the building block of THEORIES | Concepts |
| Theories are . . . | Systematic explanation of some aspect of the real world |
| Concepts in Quantitative research are referred to . . . | Variables |
| INHERENT Characteristics that research measures or observes | Attribute Variable |
| Actively creates a variable as when a special intervention is introduced | Active Variable |
| Height, Weight are examples of this variable | Continuous variables |
| Infinite Range of numbers | Continuous variable |
| # of Children is an example of which variable | Discrete Variable |
| Values between two points | Discrete Variable |
| Finite Number | Discrete Variable |
| Gender is an example of this variable | Catagorical Variable |
| Blood type is an example of this variable | Catagorical Variable |
| Groups that are highly varied with respect ot some attribute | Heterogeneous |
| Groubles with limited variablity in respect to some attribute | Homgeneous |
| Elucidates the abstract oor theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied | Conceptual Definition |
| Specification of the procedures and tools required to measure variablity | Operational Definition |
| Bond or connection between two phenomena | Relationship |
| In Quantitative studies a focus on what occurs with independant and dependant variables. What is this called | Relationship |
| Cause and Effect relationships | Casual Relationship |
| Variables are related in a non-casual way | Functional relationship |
| Refers to the accuracy and consistency of INFORMATION obtained in a study | Reliability |
| Accuracy and Consistency refer to what quality of evidence | Reliability in a Quantitative Study |
| Soundness of the studies evidence | Validity |
| Findings are cogent, convincing and well grounded | Validity |
| Trustworthiness includes which dimensions | Credibility, Transferability, Confirmability, Dependability |
| Evidence that is consistent and stable | Dependability |
| Refers to evidence of the researche's objectivity | Confirmability |
| Truth of the study is | Credibility |
| Engenders confidence | Credibility |
| Truth in Data and researchers interpretations | Credibility |
| Uses multiple sources or referents to draw conclusions about what constitutes truth | Triangulation |
| Multiples sources used to draw conclusion | Trianglulation |
| Produces a distortion in the study results | Bias |
| When distortions are consistent or uniform across study participants or situations | Systematic Bias |
| Used to hold constant outside influences on the dependant variable | Research Control |
| Used in Quantative studes tries to understand the relationship between the ind and dep variables through this method | Research Control |
| This influence is what researches seek to control | Extraneous variables |
| What variable must be held constant to minimize its influence | Extraneous variable |
| What tools are used to eliminate bias | Randomness |
| In which study type is Randomness used | Quantitative |
| Features established by chance | Randomness |
| Assess the extent to which the findings can be applied to other groups and settings | Generalizability |
| Similar to Generalizability in Quantitative Research (Qualitative term) | Transferability |
| extent to which findings can be applied to other settings | Transferability |
| Rich and thorough description of research setting or context | Thick Description |
| Allows others to make inferences about contextual similarities | Thick Description |
| Attempts to Validate the findings | Replications |
| Validates from an independant inquiry | Replication |
| A crucial for of triangulation (or part of)` | Replication |
| Which type of research is essential for the DEVELOPMENT of nursing science and evidence-based practice | Replication Research |
| Actively intervenes or introduces a treatment | Experimental research |
| Only makes observations of existing situations and characteristics WITHOUT intervening | Nonexperimental research |
| Seeks to describe and understand key social psychological and structural processes that occur in a Psycho-SOCIAL setting | Grounded Theory |
| Seeks to describe and Understand key social psychological stages and phases that characterize a particular event | Grounded Theory |
| Major component is discovering a cor variable that is central in EXPLANING what is going on. | Grounded Theory |
| Strives to Generate comprehensive explanations of phenomena that are grounded in reality | Grounded Theory |
| Explain the maternal PROCESS of managing the late states of breastfeeding and weaning the child from the breast (Which Theory) | Grounded Theory |
| Disciplinary roots in philosophy and psychology and is rooted in a philosophical tradition | Phenomenology |
| Approach to thinking about what life experiences are about | Phenomenology |
| Study to "illuminate the lived experiences of care providers" | Phenomonolgy Study |
| Primary research tradition in antrhopology | Ethnography |
| Researches who typically engage in extensive FIELD WORK | Ethnography |
| Haitian refugee community is an example of this research tradition | Ethnography |
| Aim is to learn rather than study (which research tradition) | Ethnography |
| What is the meaning of the phenomona to those who experience it? Which research tradition asks this? | Phenomenology |
| ethical issues of daily living affecting nursing home residents with dementia (which research tradition is this) | Ethnography |
| What are the MAJOR steps in a quantitative study | Conceptual Phase, Design and Planning Phase, Emperical Phase, Analytical Phase, Dissemination Phase, (CDEAD) |
| A statement of the researchers expectation about relationships between variables under investigation | Hypothesis |
| Predications of expected outcomes | Hypothesis |
| State the relationship researchers expect to find as a result of the study | Hypothesis |
| Under which phase will you ask how concepts might be related | Conceptual Phase |
| Pregnant women with a higher incidence of stressful events during pregnancy will be more likely than women with a lower incidence of stress to experience preelamptic toxemia. (What is this?) | Hypothesis |
| How do most quantitative studies test hypothesis? | Statistical Analysis |
| Links theories to real world | Research Hypothesis |
| Come from Theory, practice and reading | Research Hypothesis |
| MUST have independant and dependant variables | Research Hypothesis |
| Must have testability and population | Research Hypothesis |
| Redundancy of information | Saturation |
| What are the hypothesis development types | Simple, Complex, Directional, non-directional, Research and Statistical (null) |
| Expresses an expected relationship between on independant and one dependant vairable x to y | Simple Hypothesis |
| Relationship between 2 or more independant variables. | Complex Hypothesis |
| Also known as multivariate hypothesis | Complex Hypothesis |
| Specifies an expected RELATIONSHIP between variables | Directional Hypothesis |
| Predicts 2 or more variables are related but does not specify the direction | Non-directional Hypothesis |
| Direction OR non-directional | Research Hypothesis |
| Something IS NOT related | Statistical |
| What are the 3 areas for development types | Simple or Complex, Directional or non directional, Research or Statistical (null) |
| Phrased interogatively rather than declaratively | Research question |
| The 'essence' of the study in declarative form | Statement of Purpose |
| The words purpose or goal usually appear in this | Statement of Purpose |
| The Goal of this study was (what is this statement) | Statement of Purpose |
| Purpose of this study is to (what is this) | Statement of Purpose |
| Intent, aim, objective are words used in a . . . | Statement of Purpose |
| Identifies key variables and relationships | Statement of Purpose |
| Identifies the nature of the problem | Statement of Purpose |
| Does not use words (prove, demonstrate or show) | Statement of Purpose |
| Explore, describe, compare, relationship, effect, difference are all found in what | Statement of Purpose |
| Statement in interrogative form | Research Question |
| Simple and Direct statement | Research Question |
| Invites and Answer | Research Question vs (Purpose Statement) |
| Research Question (Problem statements) in Qualitative studies usually have these items | Ind and Dep variable, Population and Testability |
| Prediction about the relationship between two or more variables | Hypothesis |
| Translates a quantitative research question in a precise prediction | hypothesis |
| Researches do not begin with a hypothesis in this type of Study | Qualitative |
| THERE WILL BE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF CONCEPT AND SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR (simple or complex) | Simple, Directional and null (no population) |
| OLDER PATIENTS ARE MORE AT RISK OF EXPERIENCING A FALL THAN YOUNGER PATIENTS is an example of | Simple, Directional, Research (no null) |
| There is a relationship between the age of a patient and the risk of falling | Simple, nondirectional, Research (no null hypothesis) |
| THE OLDER THE PATIENT THE GREATER THE RISK THAT HE OR SHE WILL FALL | Simple, Directional, Research |
| OLDER PATIENTS DIFFER FROM YOUNGER ONES WITH RESPECT TO THEIR RISK OF FALLING | Simple, non-directional, Research |
| A broad abstract characterization of a phenomena | Theory |
| An abstract generalizaion that systematically explains relationships among phenomena | Theory |
| A theory that thoroughly describes a phenomena | Descriptive Theory |
| Attempts to describe large segments of human experience | Grand Theory |
| A theory that is more specific to a certain phenomena | Middle-range Theory |
| Concepts are the basic element but not logically ordered or deductive | Conceptual Model |
| Use mathematic symbols to quantitatively express nature and strength of relationship | Statistical Model |
| Conceptual underpinning of a study | Framework |
| In qualitative studies this usually spring from distinct research traditions | Conceptual Definition |
| Orem's Self Care and Roys Adaptation are what type of model | Conceptual Models |
| data driven explanation to account for phenomena under study through inductive processes | Grounded Theory |
| THE LEVEL OF JOB AUTONOMY IS DIFFERENT FOR PSYCHIATRIC NURSE-PRACTITIONER THAN FOR MEDICAL-SURGICALNURSE-PRACTITIONERS | Simple, non-directional research |
| THE IS A NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DENIAL AND REPORTS OF ANXIETY AMONG POSTMYOCARDIAL INFACTION PATIENTS | COMPLEX, NULL no correlation if it is null so no direction |
Created by:
Erheebner
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