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9thGrBiology-Unit1

9th Grade Biology - Unit 1 - Vocabulary

QuestionAnswer
eukaryote organism whose cells contain nuclei
prokaryote a single celled organism lacking a nucleus
lytic infection process in which a virus enters a cell, makes a copy of itself, and causes the cell to burst
lysogenic infection process by which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell's DNA
lytic cycle (5 steps) bacteriophage injects its DNA into the live cell, DNA forms a circle, nucleic acid and proteins assemble into bacteriophage particles, and particles go through the cell wall and infect other cells.
lysogenic cycle (5 steps) virus injects into a live cell, bacteriophage DNA may replicate for years, something triggers the virus, the nucleic acid particles and proteins assemble into bacteriophage, and virus breaks out of the cell and infects others
bacteriophage virus that infects bacteria
independent variable factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely changes; also known as a responding variable
dependent variable factor in an experiment that a scientist wants to observe, which may change because of the manipulated variable; also known as a responding variable
capsid virus's protein coat
virus particles of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases, lipids. Reproduce only by infecting living cells. Differ widely in size & structure.
prophage the viral DNA that is embedded in the host cell's DNA
retrovirus virus that contains RNA as its genetic information
cell collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings; basic unit of all forms of life
cell theory idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
nucleus the center of the atom which contains the protons and neutrons; in cells, structure that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities
organelle specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell
cytoplasm material inside the cell membrane - not including the nucleus
nuclear envelope layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell
chromatin granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
chromosome threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next
nucleolus small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins
ribosome small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein
endoplasmic reticulum internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified
Golgi apparatus stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
lysosome cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell
vacuole cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
mitochondrion cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
chloroplast organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
cytoskeleton network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement
centriole one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope
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