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ABIM - First Aid
Classic Findings
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Actinic keratosis | Often precedes squamous cell carcinoma |
| Addison’s disease | 1° adrenocortical deficiency |
| Albright’s syndrome | Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, café-au-lait spots, short stature, young girls |
| Albuminocytologic dissociation | Guillain-Barré (↑ protein in CSF with only modest ↑ in cell count) |
| Alport’s syndrome | Hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness |
| Anti–basement membrane antibodies | Goodpasture’s syndrome |
| Anticentromere antibodies | Scleroderma (CREST) |
| Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (ANA antibodies) | SLE (type III hypersensitivity) |
| Anti–epithelial cell antibodies | Pemphigus vulgaris |
| Antigliadin antibodies | Celiac disease |
| Antihistone antibodies | Drug-induced SLE |
| Anti-IgG antibodies | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Antimitochondrial antibodies | 1° biliary cirrhosis - Mighty mouse eating PB&J |
| Antineutrophil antibodies | Vasculitis |
| Anti platelet antibodies. How to treat? | Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purport. Supportive care usually. If significant bleeding, can treat with steroids or IVIg. Refractory cases may require splenectomy. |
| Arachnodactyly | Marfan’s syndrome, Ehlers Danlos |
| Argyll Robertson pupil | Neurosyphilis |
| Arnold-Chiari malformation | Cerebellar tonsillar herniation |
| Aschoff bodies | Areas of inflammation that are granulomatous structures in the connective tissue of the heart. Rheumatic fever |
| Atrophy of the mammillary bodies | Wernicke’s encephalopathy |
| Auer rods | Acute myelogenous leukemia (especially the promyelocytic type)- t(15,17) means good prognosis |
| Autosplenectomy | Sickle cell anemia |
| Babinski’s sign | UMN lesion |
| Baker’s cyst in popliteal fossa | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| “Bamboo spine” on x-ray | Ankylosing spondylitis |
| Bartter’s syndrome | Hyperreninemia |
| Basophilic stippling of RBCs | Lead poisoning |
| Becker’s muscular dystrophy | Defective dystrophin; less severe than Duchenne’s |
| Bell’s palsy | LMN (forehead also affected) CN VII palsy |
| Bence Jones proteins | Multiple myeloma (kappa or lambda Ig light chains in urine), Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia (IgM) |
| Berger’s disease | IgA nephropathy |
| Bernard-Soulier disease | Defect in platelet adhesion |
| Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis | Sarcoidosis |
| Birbeck granules on EM | Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma) - Tennis racket shaped organelles found in Langerhans cells. |
| Bloody tap on LP | Subarachnoid hemorrhage |
| “Blue bloater” | Chronic bronchitis |
| Blue-domed cysts | Fibrocystic change of the breast, chronic cystic mastitis; Treat with self-care and anti-inflammatories |
| Blue sclera | Osteogenesis imperfecta– Brittle bone disease. Congenital, prone to fracture. Deficiency of type I collagen. Treatment includes supportive therapy, physical therapy, bisphosphonates. |
| Boot-shaped heart on x-ray | Tetralogy of Fallot; RVH |
| Bouchard’s nodes | Osteoarthritis (PIP swelling 2° to osteophytes) |
| Boutonnière deformity | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Branching rods in oral infection | Actinomyces israelii |
| “Brown tumor” of bone | Hemorrhage causes brown color of osteolytic cysts: 1. Hyperparathyroidism 2. Osteitis fibrosa cystica (von Recklinghausen’s disease) |
| Brushfield’s spots | Down syndrome. Small, white or grayish last brown spots on the periphery of the iris due to aggregation of connective tissue. |
| Bruton’s disease | X-linked agammaglobulinemia, More common in males, can't generate mature B cells, leading to no antibody production. Recurrent infection with encapsulated bacteria. Treat with human antibody infusions. |
| Budd-Chiari syndrome | Posthepatic venous thrombosis |
| Buerger’s disease | Small/medium-artery vasculitis (thromboangiitis obliterans), vessels blocked with thrombi, particularly in the legs, leading to gangrene. Associated with smoking. |
| Burkitt’s lymphoma | 8:14 translocation; associated with EBV |
| Burton’s lines | Lead poisoning |
| C-ANCA, P-ANCA | Wegener’s granulomatosis, polyarteritis nodosa |
| Café-au-lait spots on skin | Neurofibromatosis– autosomal dominant disorder with developmental delay and neuro fibromas found on the skin. |
| Caisson disease | Gas emboli |
| Calf pseudohypertrophy | Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy |
| Call-Exner bodies | Small using of the lake fluid-filled spaces between granulosa cells. Granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary. treatment is surgical resection. |
| Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy | Chagas’ disease |
| Cerebriform nuclei | Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) |
| Chagas’ disease | Trypanosome infection |
| Chancre | 1° syphilis (not painful) |
| Chancroid | Haemophilus ducreyi (painful) |
| Charcot’s triad | Multiple sclerosis (nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech), cholangitis (jaundice, RUQ pain, fever) |
| Charcot-Leyden crystals | Hexagonal bipyramidal structures in basophils and eosinophils - Bronchial asthma (eosinophil membranes) or parasitic pneumonia |
| Chédiak-Higashi disease | Phagocyte deficiency --> Recurrent infections(Staph aureus and gram neg organisms), albinism, peripheral neuropathy. Light skin with silver hair, often with solar sensitivity. Autosomal recessive. |
| Cherry-red spot on macula | Tay-Sachs (autosomal recessive, developmental delay because of ganglioside accumulation in brain), Riemann-Pick disease (lysosomal storage disease, autosomal recessive, unsteady gait/dysarthria/dysphasia), central retinal artery occlusion |
| Cheyne-Stokes respirations | Central apnea in CHF and ↑ intracranial pressure |
| “Chocolate cysts” | Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries) |
| Chronic atrophic gastritis | Predisposition to gastric carcinoma |
| Spasm upon tapping the face muscles | Hypocalcemia (facial muscle spasm upon tapping), Chvostek’s sign |
| Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina | DES exposure in utero |
| Clue cells | Gardnerella vaginitis |
| Codman’s triangle on x-ray | Osteosarcoma |
| Cold agglutinins | Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis |
| Cold intolerance | Hypothyroidism |
| Condylomata lata | 2° syphilis |
| Continuous machinery murmur | Patent ductus arteriosus |
| Cori’s disease | Debranching enzyme deficiency |
| Cotton-wool spots | Fluffy white patches on the retina - indicative of diabetic or hypertensive retinopathy |
| Cough, conjunctivitis, coryza + fever | Measles |
| Councilman bodies | Globule of cells that represents a dying hepatocyte, surrounded by normal liver parenchyma. Toxic or viral hepatitis. Liver biopsy shows panlobular lymphocytic infiltrates with ballooning hepatocytes (indicative of hepatocyte necrosis and hepatocyte ap |
| Cowdry type A bodies | Eosinophilic nuclear inclusions composed of nucleic acid and protein seen in cells infected with Herpesvirus |
| Crescents in Bowman’s capsule | Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis - Includes Goodpasture, Churg Strauss, PAN, mPA, and Wegner's. |
| Crigler-Najjar syndrome | Congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia |
| Curling’s ulcer | Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns |
| Currant-jelly sputum | Klebsiella |
| Curschmann’s spirals | Bronchial asthma (whorled mucous plugs) |
| Cushing’s ulcer | Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury |
| D-dimers | DIC |
| Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra | Parkinson’s disease (basal ganglia disorder––rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia) |
| Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea | Pellagra (niacin, vitamin B3 deficiency) |
| Diabetes insipidus + exophthalmos + lytic bone lesions of the skull | histiocytosis X (Hand-Schiller-Christian disease) |
| Dog or cat bite | Pasteurella multocida |
| Donovan bodies | Granuloma inguinal Caused by Klebsiella granulomatous, Ulcerative painless genital lesions. |
| Dressler’s syndrome | Post-MI fibrinous pericarditis |
| Dubin-Johnson syndrome | Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver) |
| Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy | Deleted dystrophin gene (X-linked recessive). Muscle degeneration. muscle replaces with fat and fibrosis. Progressive proximal muscle weakness w loss of muscle mass. Pseudo-hypertrophy of calves + deltoid muscles. Difficult to walk upstairs |
| Eburnation | Osteoarthritis (polished, ivory-like appearance/bony sclerosis of bone appearing at the site of cartilage erosion) |
| Edwards’ syndrome | Trisomy 18 associated with rocker-bottom feet, low-set ears, heart disease |
| Eisenmenger’s complex | Late cyanosis shunt (uncorrected L → R shunt becomes R → L shunt) |
| Elastic skin | Ehlers-Danlos syndrome |
| Erb-Duchenne palsy | Superior trunk brachial plexus injury (“waiter’s tip”) |
| Erythema chronicum migrans | Lyme disease |
| Fanconi’s syndrome | Proximal tubular reabsorption defect |
| “Fat, female, forty, and fertile” | Acute cholecystitis |
| Fatty liver | Alcoholism |
| Ferruginous bodies | In asbestosis, macrophages phagocytose asbestos fibers covered in iron rich material. These become small brown nodules in the septum of the alveolus. |
| Gardner’s syndrome | Some type of familial adenomatous polyposis. Colon polyps with osteomas of the mandible, goal and long bones; and soft tissue tumors - thyroid and adrenal tumors. |
| Gaucher’s disease | Glucocerebrosidase deficiency --> Causes glucocerebroside to accumulate in spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, brain, bone marrow. |
| Ghon focus | A complex composed of central KCS necrosis surrounded by macrophages and lymphocytes. Seen in 1° TB, identified on chest x-ray. |
| Gilbert’s syndrome | Benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia |
| Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia | Defect in platelet aggregation |
| Goodpasture’s syndrome | Autoantibodies against alveolar and glomerular basement membrane proteins |
| Gowers’ maneuver | Duchenne’s (use of patient’s arms to help legs pick self off the floor) |
| Guillain-Barré syndrome | Idiopathic polyneuritis |
| “Hair-on-end” appearance on x-ray | β-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (extramedullary hematopoiesis) |
| Langerhans cell histiocytosis (Hand-Schiller-Christian disease) | Chronic progressive histiocytosis - Proliferation of epidermal dendritic cells, can affect almost any organ |
| HbF | Thalassemia major |
| HbS | Sickle cell anemia |
| hCG elevated | Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo) |
| Heberden’s nodes | Osteoarthritis (DIP swelling 2° to osteophytes) |
| Heinz bodies | Hb fragments taken out of Hb cells; G6PD deficiency, chronic liver dz, alpha thal |
| Henoch-Schönlein purpura | Hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with hemorrhagic urticaria and URIs |
| Heterophil antibodies | Infectious mononucleosis (EBV) |
| High-output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy) | Wet beriberi (thiamine, vitamin B1 deficiency) |
| HLA-B27 | Reiter’s syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis |
| HLA-DR3 or -DR4 | Diabetes mellitus type 1 (caused by autoimmune destruction of β cells) |
| Homer Wright rosettes | Neuroblastoma |
| Honeycomb lung on x-ray | Interstitial fibrosis |
| Horner’s syndrome | Ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis |
| Howell-Jolly bodies | Splenectomy (or nonfunctional spleen) |
| Huntington’s disease | Caudate degeneration (autosomal dominant) |
| Hyperphagia + hypersexuality + hyperorality + hyperdocility | Klüver-Bucy syndrome (amygdala) |
| Hyperpigmentation of skin | 1° adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease) |
| Hypersegmented neutrophils | Macrocytic anemia |
| Hypertension + hypokalemia | Conn’s syndrome - hyperdaldosteronism |
| Hypochromic microcytosis | Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning |
| Increased α-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum | Anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects) |
| Increased uric acid levels | Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (X-linked deficiency of an enzyme that causes your acid buildup in all body fluids, mental deficiency), myeloproliferative disorders, loop and thiazide diuretics |
| Intussusception | Adenovirus (causes hyperplasia of Peyer’s patches) |
| Janeway lesions | Endocarditis |
| Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction | Syphilis—overaggressive treatment of an asymptomatic patient that causes symptoms due to rapid lysis |
| Job’s syndrome | Neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality |
| Kaposi’s sarcoma | AIDS in MSM (men who have sex with men) |
| Kartagener’s syndrome | Dynein defect causing defect in ciliary motility resulting in bronchiectasis, sinusitis, situs inversus. autosomal recessive. affected males are infertile, due to sperm immobility. |
| Kayser-Fleischer rings | Wilson’s disease |
| Keratin pearls | Abnormal squamous cells that form concentric layers; Squamous cell carcinoma |
| Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules | Nodules located in the Bowman space of glomeruli. Composed of proteins that leaked through the damaged glomerular basement membrane and accumulated. Denotes diabetic nephropathy - Microvascular complications, nephrotic syndrome with diffuse scarring of t |
| Klüver-Bucy syndrome | A syndrome of hyperphagia, hyper sexuality, hyperorality, docility. Bilateral amygdala lesions that cause both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Visual agnosia - can't recognize familiar objects or people. |
| Koilocytes | Squamous epithelial cell from cervix that has nuclear enlargement – 2 to 3 times normal size - nuclear membrane irregularity, and hyperchromasia. Denotes HPV Infection. |
| Koplik spots | Clustered, white lesions on buccal mucosa, pathognomonic for Measles |
| Krukenberg tumor | Gastric adenocarcinoma with ovarian metastases |
| Kussmaul hyperpnea | Diabetic ketoacidosis |
| Lens dislocation + aortic dissection + joint hyperflexibility | Marfan’s syndrome (fibrillin deficit) |
| Lesch-Nyhan syndrome | HGPRT deficiency; Unable to break down uric acid; can treat with allopurinol, which prevents uric acid production. |
| Lewy bodies | Parkinson’s disease |
| Libman-Sacks disease | Endocarditis associated with SLE |
| Lines of Zahn | Arterial thrombus |
| Lisch nodules | pigmented hamartomatous nodular aggregate of dendritic melanocytes affecting the iris. Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen’s disease) |
| Low serum ceruloplasmin | Wilson’s disease |
| Lucid interval | Epidural hematoma |
| “Lumpy-bumpy” appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence | Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis |
| Lytic bone lesions on x-ray | Multiple myeloma |
| Mallory bodies | Highland inclusion found in the cytoplasm of liver cells, damaged intermediate filaments. Alcoholic liver disease, Primary biliary cirrhosis, HCC, Wilson's disease |
| Mallory-Weiss syndrome | Esophagogastric lacerations |
| McArdle’s disease | Muscle phosphorylase deficiency |
| McBurney’s sign | Appendicitis |
| medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) syndrome (internuclear ophthalmoplegia - eyes don't move together when ABducting) | Multiple sclerosis |
| Monoclonal antibody spike | Multiple myeloma (called the M protein; usually IgG or IgA), MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance), Waldenström’s (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia |
| Myxedema | Hypothyroidism |
| Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis | Wegener’s and Goodpasture’s (hemoptysis and glomerular disease) |
| Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals | Gout |
| Negri bodies | Rabies |
| Nephritis + cataracts + hearing loss | Alport’s syndrome |
| Neurofibrillary tangles | Alzheimer’s disease |
| Niemann-Pick disease | Sphingomyelinase deficiency - sphingomyelin accumulates in lysosomes in cells. The lysosomes normally transport material through and out of the cell. Leads to HSM and TCP. |
| No lactation postpartum | Sheehan’s syndrome (pituitary infarction) |
| Nutmeg liver | CHF |
| Occupational exposure to asbestos | Malignant mesothelioma |
| “Orphan Annie” nuclei | Nuclei that appear empty. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid |
| Osler’s nodes | Endocarditis |
| Owl’s eye | CMV |
| Painless jaundice | Pancreatic cancer (head) |
| Palpable purpura on legs and buttocks | Henoch-Schönlein purpura |
| Pancoast’s tumor | Bronchogenic apical tumor associated with Horner’s syndrome |
| Pannus | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Parkinson’s disease | Nigrostriatal dopamine depletion |
| Periosteal elevation on x-ray | Pyogenic osteomyelitis |
| Peutz-Jeghers syndrome | Benign polyposis. Hamartomas of small intestine. STK11. Pigmented lesions on skin, lips, mouth. |
| Peyronie’s disease | Penile fibrosis, Can create a bend in the penis when erect. |
| Philadelphia chromosome (bcr-abl ) | CML (may sometimes be associated with AML) |
| Pick bodies | Pick’s disease - Frontotemporal dementia and aphasia. Spherical bodies made of Tau proteins in neurons (Pick bodies) |
| Pick’s disease | Progressive dementia, similar to Alzheimer’s |
| “Pink puffer” | Emphysema (centroacinar [smoking], panacinar [α1-antitrypsin deficiency]) |
| Plummer-Vinson syndrome | Esophageal webs with iron deficiency anemia. DEFG - dysmotility of esophagus, Esophageal web, Fe deficiency, Glossitis. treat with correction of iron deficiency and dilation of esophageal web |
| Podagra | Gout (MP joint of hallux) |
| Podocyte fusion | Minimal change disease |
| Polyneuropathy, cardiac pathology, and edema | Dry beriberi (thiamine, vitamin B1 deficiency) |
| Polyneuropathy preceded by GI or respiratory infection | Guillain-Barré syndrome |
| Pompe’s disease | Lysosomal glucosidase deficiency associated with cardiomegaly |
| Port-wine stain | Hemangioma |
| Positive anterior “drawer sign” | Anterior cruciate ligament injury |
| Pott’s disease | Vertebral tuberculosis |
| Pseudopalisade tumor cell arrangement | Glioblastoma multiforme– The most common and most aggressive brain cancer. Ring enhancing lesion on MRI. Need biopsy. |
| Pseudorosettes. What disease? How to diagnose? What chromosomal abnormality? | Ewing’s sarcoma - Small, round, malignant blue cell tumor found in the bone, most commonly in the pelvis, femur, humerus, ribs, clavicle. Translocation between chromosomes 11 and 22. Negative for CD45. Diagnosed on x-ray with lytic lesion and onion skin p |
| Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis | Horner’s syndrome (Pancoast’s tumor) |
| Rash on palms and soles | 2° syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever |
| Raynaud’s syndrome | Recurrent vasospasm in extremities |
| RBC casts in urine | Acute glomerulonephritis |
| Recurrent pulmonary Pseudomonas and S. aureus infections | Cystic fibrosis |
| Red urine in the morning | Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Hemolytic anemia, pancytopenia, unprovoked atypical thrombosis, lack of CD 55 and 59. |
| Reed-Sternberg cells | Hodgkin’s lymphoma |
| Reid index (increased) | Chronic bronchitis |
| Reinke crystals | Rodlike cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cell tumor in the testes. the tumor secretes excess testosterone causing testicular swelling in men and mineralization in women. Slow-growing and good prognosis. Treatment is usually surgery resection. |
| Reiter’s syndrome | Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis |
| Renal cell carcinoma + cavernous hemangiomas + adenomas | von Hippel–Lindau disease |
| Renal epithelial casts in urine | Acute toxic/viral nephrosis |
| Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent | Pseudo gout (CPPD) - Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) |
| Rib notching | Coarctation of aorta |
| Roth’s spots in retina | Retinal hemorrhages with white or pale centers. Differential includes Endocarditis, diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy. Usually due to immune complex deposition. |
| Rotor’s syndrome | Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia |
| Rouleaux formation (RBCs) | Multiple myeloma |
| Russell bodies | Multiple myeloma |
| S3 | Left-to-right shunt (VSD, PDA, ASD), mitral regurgitation, LV failure (CHF) |
| S4 | Aortic stenosis, hypertrophic subaortic stenosis |
| Schiller-Duval bodies | Found on histology of Yolk sac tumors. |
| Senile plaques | Extracellular deposits of amyloid in the gray matter of the brain. Alzheimer’s disease |
| Sézary syndrome | Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma |
| Sheehan’s syndrome | Postpartum pituitary necrosis |
| Shwartzman reaction- Tissue necrosis and thrombosis in response to endotoxin | Neisseria meningitidis |
| Signet-ring cells | So containing a large vacuole that pushes the nucleus to the periphery. Gastric carcinoma |
| Simian crease | Down syndrome |
| Sipple’s syndrome | MEN type IIa |
| Sjögren’s syndrome | Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis |
| Skip lesions | Crohn’s |
| Slapped cheeks | Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease). Parvovirus B 19 |
| Smith antigen | SLE |
| “Smudge cell” | CLL |
| Soap bubble on x-ray | Giant cell tumor of bone |
| Spike and dome on EM | Membranous glomerulonephritis - Nephrotic syndrome that is associated more with hepatitis B than C, solid tumors, diabetes… Capillary light microscopy, deposition of IgG and C-3 on immunofluorescence. Treat with steroids and cyclophosphamide. |
| Spitz nevus | Benign juvenile melanoma |
| Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails | Endocarditis |
| Starry-sky pattern | Burkitt’s lymphoma |
| “Strawberry tongue” | Scarlet fever |
| Streaky ovaries | On ultrasound, you just see a streak of fibrous tissue in the expected location of the ovaries. This tissue may contain very few or no ovarian follicles. Turner’s syndrome |
| String sign on x-ray | Crohn’s disease |
| Subepithelial humps on EM | Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis - Low C3, normal C4. Lumpy bumpy on IM, preceded by a URI 1 to 3 weeks prior, supportive therapy and antibiotics |
| Suboccipital lymphadenopathy | Rubella |
| Sulfur granules | Actinomyces israelii |
| Swollen gums, bruising, poor wound healing, anemia | Scurvy (ascorbic acid, vitamin C deficiency)—vitamin C is necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis |
| Systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo) | Aortic valve stenosis |
| t(8;14) | Burkitt’s lymphoma (c-myc activation) |
| t(9;22) | Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl hybrid) |
| t(14;18) | Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation). Low-grade lymphoma. Treats indolent with local radiation therapy. Aggressive with RCHOP. |
| Tabes dorsalis | 3° syphilis |
| Tendon xanthomas (classically Achilles) | Familial hypercholesterolemia |
| Thumb sign on lateral x-ray. What organism? | Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae) |
| Thyroidization of kidney | Dilated tubules filled with hyaline casts, giving the kidney tissue a thyroid like appearance - Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis |
| Tophi | Gout |
| “Tram-track” appearance on LM | Separation of basement membrane due to Miss Angela growth. Membranoproliferazive glomerulonephritis - Low C3, very low C4, nephritis associated with hepatitis C > hepatitis B, subacute bacterial endocarditis, lupus, cryo- globulinemia. |
| Trousseau’s sign - With occlusion of the brachial artery, absence of blood flow will cause spasm of the hand muscles So that the wrist flexes and the finger joints extend, with all the fingers adducted to a point. | Sign of hypocalcemia. Seen also in visceral cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma (migratory thrombophlebitis), hypocalcemia (carpal spasm). |
| Virchow’s node | Left supraclavicular node enlargement from metastatic carcinoma of the stomach |
| Virchow’s triad | Pulmonary embolism (triad = blood stasis, endothelial damage, hypercoagulation) |
| von Recklinghausen’s disease | Neurofibromatosis with café-au-lait spots |
| von Recklinghausen’s disease of bone | Osteitis fibrosa cystica (“brown tumor”). Caused by hyperparathyroidism, which leads to inc osteoclasts activity, inc bone resorption, dec bone mass, and bone calcification replaced by cyst-like brown tumors that have a moth-eaten appearance on X-ray. Ca |
| Wallenberg’s syndrome | Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery thrombosis. loss of pain and temperature sensation ipsilaterally in the face and contralaterally in the body. |
| Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome | Adrenal hemorrhage associated with meningococcemia |
| Waxy casts | Chronic end-stage renal disease |
| WBC casts in urine | Acute pyelonephritis |
| WBCs in urine | Acute cystitis |
| Wermer’s syndrome | MEN type I |
| Whipple’s disease | Malabsorption syndrome caused by Tropheryma whippelii |
| Wilson’s disease | Hepatolenticular degeneration |
| “Wire loop” appearance on LM | Lupus nephropathy |
| “Worst headache of my life” | Berry aneurysm—associated with adult polycystic kidney disease |
| Xanthochromia (CSF) | Subarachnoid hemorrhage |
| Xerostomia + arthritis + keratoconjunctivitis sicca | Sjögren’s syndrome |
| Zenker’s diverticulum | Upper GI diverticulum |
| Zollinger-Ellison syndrome | Gastrin-secreting tumor associated with ulcers |
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christinapham
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