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Cell 1 Notes

Patho

QuestionAnswer
Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane Three major components of eukaryotic cells
consist of water, proteins, lipids, carbohtdrates, and electrolytes protoplasm
contains chromatin and nucleolus, has at least one per cell, is the control center, contains the genetic code and has the nucleoli nucleus
place for cells work, it contains water, electrolytes, suspended protein, neutral fats, and glycogen; it also contains the organelles cytoplasm
site for protein synthesis, small particles of nucleoproteins, and may be attached to ER or be free Ribosomes
is the matrix of paried membranes and vesicles; is a tubular communication system, and it the place where metaboic activity occurs endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
produces proteins for membrance and lysosomal enzymes rough ER
has lipid, lipoprotein, nad steroid synthesis; regulation of intracellular Ca, metabolism, and detoxification of hormones and drugs smooth ER
functions with the ER and modifies and packages substances golgi apparatus
it breaks down cell products and foreign bodies to be used again; tay-sachs lysosomes
contains free radicals peroxisomes
is the power plant; aerobic metabolism- ATP; a number in a given cell varies depending on the cell's energy needs; contains own DNA and ribosomes mitochondria
cilia, flagella, centrioles part of microtubules
hair like processess and theyh aid in movement cilia and flagella
are barrel-shaped bodies that aid in chromosomal division centrioles
threadlike structure microfilament
is semi-permeable, contains receptors, involves electrical conduction, regulates cell growth and proliferation, has a lipid bilayer, proteins and glycocalyx cell membrane
open and close ion channels; activates G protein-linked signals, and activates enzyme-linked cell function membrane receptors
breakdown catabolism
building up anabolism
carrier of cellular energy ATP
anaerobic and aerobic two types of energy production
without O2 anaerobic
turning glucose into energy glycolysis
with O2 aerobic
Kreb Cycle example of aerobic
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion passive cellular transport
primary, secondary (cotransport, countertransport) active cellular transport
pinocytosis, phagocytosis endocytosis
nongated, gated (voltage and ligand) ion channels
ion-channel linked, G-protein linked, enzyme linked, and messenger mediated cell membrane receptors (4)
oppositely charges ions working together electrical membrane potentials
resting, depolarization, repolarization action membrance potentials (3)
no impulses resting action potential
inflow of Na depolarization action potential
resting is reestablishes repolarization action potential
decrease cell function cell injury
repairs injury healing
cells or system reacts to restore normal function adaptation
you can detect or measure signs
the client can feel symptoms
as injury, adaptation, and counterattacks act as new stressors complications
cells and systems react to reduce or remove the stressor counterattack
cellular swelling due to water accumulation; the results from a problem with the NaK pump; all the cellular structures also swell leading to in increase in organ size (megaly) hydropic swelling
swelling leading to an increase in organ size megaly
build up of subtances that may be permanent or temporary, harmful or toxic intracelluar accumulation
normal body, abnoramal endogenous, and exogenous substances intracellular accumulation substances (3)
< workload (disease state) < the size of organelles, which then < energy usage, which can > efficiency or < functionality in the diseased state atrophy
> worklad (disease state) > size and # of organelles, which > contractility, which > ability to meet demands or < functionality in disease state hypertrophy
> workload (physiological state) > rate of cell division and > tissuse size and # of cells, which > functionality, which > ability to meet demands hyperplasia
compensatory and hormonal two types of hyperplasia
pathological, has normal cells that are replaced with abnormal cells (ex. cigarette smoking) metaplasia
pathological, has normal cells and are mutated into abnormal shaped and sized cells of the epithelial tissue dysplasia
most diseases start with this, it can be reversible to a point, and the normal states (it is well balanced with cell renrewal) cell injury
physical agents, chemical, radiation, biological agents, nutritional imbalances causes of cell injury (5)
mechanical forces, extreme temp, electrial physical agents of cell injury (3)
poisonings and drugs chemical agents of cell injury (2)
ionizing, ultraviolet, and nonioniziong radiation agents of cell injury (3)
free radical and hypoxic mechanism of cell injury (2)
lipid peroxidation, oxidative modification, and DNA alterations effects of free radicals of injury (3)
molecules with an extra electron free radicals
energy generation, protein and lipid breakdown cell metabolism
cell metabolism, inflammation, smoke, pollutants, radiation causes of free radicals (5)
damaged membrane lipids, damaged DNA, and damaged proteins results of free radicals (3)
membrane organelles break or leak damage membrane lipids
mutations are a result of __ damaged DNA
cell death or cell transformation, malignancies mutations
disrupts enzyme function damage proteins
either > anaerobic metabolism or < aerobic metabolism hypoxia
"programmed suicide" apoptosis
normal to process of cells replacement and development apoptosis
apoptosis physiological cell death
endometrial sloughing during menstuation and induced apoptosis during immune response examples of apoptosis / physiological cell death
pathological cell death involoving coagulation, liquefaction, caseous, and fatty necrotic cell death
gelatinous, transparent protein--> firm and opaque coagulation
brain and neurons--> walled off liquid goo liquefaction
mycobacterium tuberculosis--> "cased"- off chesse globules caseous
breast and panreas--> opaque, chalky, soapy fatty
caused by severe hypoxic injury gangrene
dry gangrene coagulative
wet gangrene liquefactive
gas gangrene clostridium which effects tissues along with cells b/c gas is released into tissue
extrinsic vs intrinsic, somatic mutation theory, free radical theory, error theory, neuroendocrine theories, programmed senescence theory cellular aging theories (6)
exposure to background radiation speeds up the aging somatic mutation theory
increased metabloic rates speeds up agin free radical theory
random errors in translation eventually leads to cell death error theory
internal time clock (hypothalic-pitutary system or clock genes) neuroendocrine theories
chromosomes shorten each cell division programmed senescence theory
death of an organism that involves the absence of respirationa dn heartbeat, the body temp falls, the skin becomes pale, the blood and body fluids accumulate in dependant areas, and rigor mortis somatic death
growth in number proliferation
what type of active transport is a Na K pump? Countertransport
ions come to membrane and jump over depolarization
this type of cell injury travels and damages everything in its path from start to finish electrical agents
lack of oxygen for whatever reason hypoxic
Ca releases and muscles tense rigor mortis
slows all systems down in the body except GI track, which increases parasympathetic
speeds all systems in the body up except the GI track, which slows down sympathetic
codes for protein and is a section of genetic material operon
codes for traits codon
looks different than codons, but codes the same synonyms
sex cells germ cells
all cells in the body other than sex cells somatic cells
shifting of ions coupling
how much of a gene is needed to create a probelm within the body doseage studies
cellular therapy cytogenetics
change DNA through viruses or stem cells gene therapy
what is the normal cause of death of Marfan's disorder? the arch of the aorta weakens and eventually blows
brown birth spots cafe'-au-lait spots
most common autosomal recessive disorder PKU
leading cause of MR down's syndrome
2nd leading cause of MR fragile X syndrome
when food can't get through the pyloric sphincter pyloric stenosis
fluid acculmation edema
most curable cancer testicular
blood tumor hematologic
TNM tumor node metasis
treat symptoms palliative
Created by: TayBay15
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