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Pediatric

Pediatric Neurological Conditions

Question	Answer
Brain size of infant is ____% of adult size	25%
Brain size of a 1yo is ____% of adult size	50%
brain size of a 3 year old is ____% of adult size	75%
Brain size of a 6 year old is ___% of adult size	90%
Head circumference for a term infant is ____ cm	34-35 cm
Head circumference of a 6mo old is ____ cm	44 cm
Head circumference of a 1 yo is ____ cm	47 cm
Sutures and fontanels stay open in infants to compensate for increases in ___	ICP
Continuing separation of sutures may occur until ____ years of age	10-12 yo
Papilledema - edema of the ____ is due to open sutures and fontanels	pupils
Premature closure of sutures and fontanels can cause a potential for ____ damage	neurologic
Head circumference at birth is ____" larger than circumference chest	1" larger
T/F by one year of age the head and chest circumference are equal	True
myelinization of the CNS begins in utero or at birth	in utero (approx week 16)
Myelinization of CNS usually complete by ____	puberty
Myelinization of CNS promotes progressive ____ and ____ motor development	progressive coordination and fine motor development
____ is Increased accumulation of CSF in ventricles and compresses the brain	hydrocephalus
hydrocephalus occures in ___ / 1000 live births	3-4/1000
If an infant is born with hydrocephalus, it can be because of a ____ infection	intrauterine (in the uterus = aka. womb)
Acquired hydrocephalus can be caused from what three things	infection, neoplasm and hemorrhage
Blockage outside ventricular system is ____ hydrocephalus	communicating
Communicating hydrocephalus happens when CSF is inadequately circulated or reabsorbed in the ____ space	subarachnoid space - subarachnoid hemorrhage
Flow of CNS obstruction within the ventricular system is ____ hydrocephalus	noncomunicating
noncommunicating hydrocephalus prevents CSF from ____ the subararachnoid space for reabsorption	reaching - stenosis of aqueduct of sylvius or Dandy-Walker Syndrome
____ tumor causes increased CSF secretions which causes hydrocephalus	Choroid Plexus Tumor
Some manifestations of infant intercranial pressure (IICP)	head enlarge,nonpulsatile & bulgine anterior fontanel, scalp veins dilated, cranial sutures seperated, Macewen sign (sound of a cracked pot), Bossing of frontal bone, setting-sun eyes, changes in LOC, irritable, lethargic, opisthotonos(back arching)
What are some manifestations of infant intercranial pressure (IICP)	poor feeding, shrill, high pitched cry, developmental delay and seizures
Older child ICP Manifestations	HA/N/V, ataxia, strabismus, dipopia, pupil unequal response to light, papilledema, LOC change, Intellectual impairment and seizures
____ is the late sign of IICP with manifestations of hypertension, bradycardia and apnea	Cushing's Triad
Diagnosis of hydrocephalus include ____ ultrasonography, measurement of ____ circumference, and____imaging studies	fetal ultrasonography, head circumference, neuroimaging studies
Neuroimaging studies include evaluation of size and position of ____ and subarachnoid spaces	ventricles
surgical management of hydrocephalus include correcting the ____ and shunt placement	correction of obstruction
Shunt the ventricles to the peritoneal cavity is called ____	ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt
VP shunt is best for infants or children	infants
4 Risks for VP shunt include	Bowel perforation, ascites, paralytic ileus and peritonitis
____ shunt drains ventricles to the right atrium	Ventriculoatrial (VA) shunt
The VA shunt is best for infants or children	older child - rare
4 Risks for VA shunt	Congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, septicemia, and bacterial endocarditis
If a shunt is obstructed the manifestation would be increased ___	ICP
Manifestations of a shunt infection include	signs of increased ICP, fever, stiff neck, wound or shunt tract inflammation and abdominal pain
Manifestations of a subdural hematoma due to shunt complication is rapid decreases in ____ pressure and ____ fontanel	rapid decrease in CSF pressure and depressed fontanel
_____ shunt revisions are expected during a lifetime	5-7 revisions
Most common reason for shunt revisions is	child's growth (toddler and b4 puberty growth)
Pre operative VP shunt measurements	Vital signs, pupil reactivity and symmetry, fontanel's and suture lines, and head circumference
HOB preop and postop VP shunt is	Pre 30degrees post gradually elevate
post op VP shunt - too rapid decrease in CSF pressure may cause ____.	subdural hematoma
T/F the nurse may pump the shunt as the nurse sees the need	False - only if ordered by the physician
___ is a neural tube malformation involving failure of the osseous (bony) spine to close	spina bifida (myelodysplasia)
Three examples of neural tube defects (NTD)	spina bifida (myelodysplasia), anencephaly, encephalocele
____ is a bundle of nerves in a human embryo that develops into the brain and spinal cord	neural tube
____ is absence of both cerebral hemispheres and the overlying skull	anecephaly
____ is herniation of the brain and meninges through a defect in the skull	encephalocele
Spina Bifida ____ - Often no observable manifestations, Incomplete fusion– posterior vertebrae, Spinal cord & nerves—normal, Usually no serious neurological dysfunction	Spina Bifida Occulta
Spina Bifida ____ - the unfused portion of the spinal column allows the spinal cord to protrude through an opening in the overlying vertebrae. The meningeal membranes that cover the spinal cord may or may not form a sac enclosing the spinal elements	Spina Bifida Cyctica
Spina Bifida Cyctica can either meningocele or myelomeningocele the difference is ____ includes a portion of the spinal cord and nerves hanging out	myelomeningocele
spinal bifida cyctica myelomeningocele risk factors include: unknown, maternal ____ deficience and other factors such as ___	maternal nutritional deficiency (folic acid) others such as genetic, maternal hyperthermia (hot tubs), antiepileptic drugs and maternal age (teenager or over 35)
spinal bifida cyctica myelomeningocele incidence: higher in boys or girls, higher in whites or blacks	white girls. (declined due to increase of folic acid in fortified foods)
sensitive period of neural tube closure is ____ weeks gestation	four
Usual location of spina bifita	lumbar or lumosacral
spina bifida cystica myelomeningocele prenatal diagnosis includes ____ scanning of uterus, elevated ____ levels from amniotic fluid and maternal serum and diagnostic tests	ultrasound scanning of the uterus, elevatd levels of alpha-fetoprotein
spina bifids cystica myelomeningocele postnatal diagnosis is based on the clinical manifestations and evaluation by what 4 methods	MRI, Ultrasound, CT, and myelography
spina bifita cystica myelomeningocele manifestations	paralysis, tethered spinal cord, orthopedic problems, bladder and bowel problems, hydrocephalus, skin problems, latex allergy and Chiari II - The cerebellar tonsils are elongated and pushed down through the opening of the base of the skull
Folic Acid is recommended at ____ mg daily for pregnant women to prevent spina bifida cystica myelomeningocele	0.4mg daily - beginning one month prior to planned pregnancy
spina bifida cystica myelomeningoceal protection includes cover with ____ nonadherent dressing using ____ technique	sterile - sterile
Signs of infection of myelomeningocele sac included: elevated ____, irritability ____ rigidity and ____ WBC	elevated temperature, irritability, nuchal rigidity, and elevated WBC
Since hydrocephalus is a common manifestation with myelomeningocele nursing interventions include	serial measurement one or two times daily by marking head with marking pen and reporting acute increases and observing for signs of increased intercranial pressure
_____ is an inflammation of the meninges (infection of membranes and fluid) of the brain and spinal cord.	meningitis
____ involved inflammation of the cerebral cortex	encephalitis
____ is an inflammation of the meninges (infection of membranes and fluid of the brain and spinal cord)	Meningitis
____ represents inflammation of both the meninges and the cortex of the brain	meningoencephalitis
a secondary infection to meningitis is	nasopharyngeal and middle ear infections
With meningitis, an infection enters the ____ and is carried to the meninges	bloodstream - from nasopharnyx, mastoid and middle ear infections
Risk factors for Meningitis - age___, infection____, gender____, race____, season, maternal factors, CNS anomaly, neurosurgical procedures, head trauma & chronic conditions like sickle cell, diabetes and renal insufficiency	age - 6mo, infection bacterial or viral, males, african american
Clinical manifestations of meningitis - signs of increased intercranial pressure (IICP) include:	irritability, restlessness, poor feeding, A/N/V, bahavioral changes, decreased LOC and seizures
Clinical manifestations of meningitis irritation and inflammation include	fever, photophoia, nuchal rigidity, spinal rigidity, opisthotonos, kernigs sign, brudzinskis sign, and skin changes like petechias, purpura and poor perfusion
____ sign is the appearance of involuntary lifting of the legs	Brudzinski's Sign
____ sign is when the leg is fully bent in the hip and knee, and subsequent extension of the knee is painful	Kerning's Sign
____ is a state of servere hyperextension and spasticity in which the head, neck and spinal column arch	opisthotonus
Bacterial meningitis CSF abnormalities: color____, cell count____, protein count____, glucose count ____	color - cloudy and purulent, cell count elevated (polymorphonuclear leukocytes predominate), protein elevated, and glucose decreased less than 1/2 of the blood glucose
Meningitis antibiotic therapy begins ____ obtaining cultures and ____ results	begin after obtaining cultures and before results
Initial tx of meningitis	vancomycin or third generation cephalosporin
Based on culture results, a high dose IV for 7 days or longer of ____	ampicillin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, ceftrizxodone, vancoymycin
To see if antibiotic therapy is working for meningitis a repeat lumbar puncture test is done until the CSF runs	clear
Prophylaxis tx for meningitis	Rifampin - may cause certain bodily fluids to become orange-red
____ lessens meningeal inflammation and prevents deafness	Dexamethasone - administer b4 antibiotics
Comfort measure for meningitis includes elevating the ___, ____ pillow usage, and side lying due to ___	HOB elevated, no pillow and side-lying more comfortable for nuchal rigidity
Decreased sensory stimulation for meningitis includes: ____ room, ____ lighting, ____ handling	quiet room, subdued lighting and gentle handling
T/F place a pt with meningitis in isolation immediately	true
Respiratory isolation of a pt with meningitis includes ____ hr, until ____ results are obtained and while ____ is having effect	continue at least 24 hours, until culture results are obtained and while antibiotic is having an effect
A pt with meningitis must have their fluid intake monitored to prevent further fluid ____	fluid accumulation - related to cerebral edema, subdural effusion and SIADH
Fluid retention of a meningitis pt may cause ____	seizures and coma
Sensoineural hearing loss occures ____% with pneumococcal diseases and ____% with meningococcal and Haemophilus disease BAER (Brain Stem Acoustical Evoked Response)	30% with pneumococcal and 5-10% with meningococcal
Potential long-term sequelae (pathological condition resulting from) meningitis	deafness, blindness, paralysis, seizure disorder, hydrocephalus, mental retardation and learning disability
____ is a group of symptoms with associated sudden transient alterations in brain function caused by excessive disorderly discharge of electrical impulses by neuronal tissue	seizure
____ is a disorder of the CNS, caused by abnormal electrical discharges results in recurrent seizures	epilepsy
status epilepticus is a seizure that lasts ____ minutes or longer or is a ____ of seizures where intervals are too brief to allow child to regain consciousness between ea seizure	30 minutes or longer - group
seizure risk factors	idiopathic, congenial defects, acute encephalopathy, metabolic disorders, ingestion of toxic substraces, head injury, environmental stimuli and high fever
____ is the preseizure phase and consists of what	Preictal - timing, aura (if present) and environmental stimulants
____ is the seizure phase and consists of what	ictal - time of onset, description of body movements, skin color, respiratory distress, incontinence, frothing secretions, automathisms, duration of seizure and meds
____ is the post seizure phase and consists of what	Postictal - level of awareness, motor and speech ability, and reorientation and stabilizaiton time frame
The goals of antiepileptic drugs is to raise the critical ____ of seizures above the level of neuronal excitability	threshold
Antiepileptic drugs need to monitor ____ drug level, ____ count, and ____ function tests	serum drug level, blood count and liver function test.
Lorazepam (ativan) and Diazepam (valium) are ____ medications for status epileptis	abortive medications - the second round is cerebyx
Nuring actions of a Tonic-Clonic seizure include: remaining ____, note ___ seizure began, gently ease child to ____ in side lying position, loosen constricting ____, observe and document ____ and report to physcian	remain calm, look at time seizure started, ease child to floor, loosen clothing, observe seizure activity
What two nursing actions are not done during a Tonic-Clonic seizure	Do not restrain childs movements and do not force anything between teeth
Seizure percausions and available equipment:	cardiorespiratory and pulse oximeter, suction and O2 avail, & padded siderails
Call for medical assistance for a seizure pt if the seizure lasts more than ____ min, difficulty ____ afterwords, difficulty awakening, signs of injury, pupils are not ____ after seizure, vomits continuously ____ min after, pregnancy or a ____ seizure	Seizure lasts more than 5 min, Difficulty breathing afterwards, Difficulty awakening, Signs of injury, Pupils are not equal after , Vomits cont 30 min after ended (possible acute problem), Pregnancy or other medical ID, A second seizure
____ medication is used for seizure control	Dilantin - causes gum hyperplasia
A ____ seizure is associatd with a fever	Febrile seizure
Frebrile seizures occure with acute ____ illnesses	viral like URI and GI infections
A frebrile seizure lasts less than ____ min and do not ____ within a 24-hr period	lasts less than 15 minutes and do not recur
Age of febrile seizure usually befor ____ yo	Before 5yo. usually bt 3mo and 3yr
ER mgt of febrile seizure include ____ fever and ____ puncture for sepsis work-up	reduce fever and lumbar puncture for sepsis work up. reassure partents that it is a benign condition
T/F continuous anticonvulsants are recommended for febrile seizures	False
Tx to abort febrile seizures may be needed for families that live ___	far from medical facility
Call 911 if seizure lasts more than ____ minutes	five
Incident of cerebral palsy is ___ per 1000 live births	1.5-3
____ is the most common permanent physical disability in childhood	Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral Palsy is brain insult or injury in the early periods of brain development and is most common before the onset of ____	labor - can get between prenatal period and up to 2yo
Most common etiology for Cerebral Palsy is neonatal ____	neonatal encephalopathy
____ Cerebral Palsy includes: Hypertonicity, Poor Control (Posture, Balance, Coordinated motion), Persistent primitive reflexes, Exaggerated deep tendon reflexes, Contractures—later	Spastic Cerbral Palsy
____ Cerebral Palsy includes: Athetosis (slow, writhing movements), (Extremities, trunk, neck, facial muscles, tongue ), Abnormal involuntary movements (Choreoid—involuntary, irregular, jerky random movements, Dystonic—disordered muscle tone)	Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy
____ Cerebral Palsy includes: Unstable, wide based gait, Rapid, repetitive movements performed poorly, Uncontrolled arm movements when the child reaches for objects	Ataxic Cerebral Palsy
Physical signs as an early warning to Cerebral Palsy includes:	Poor head control after 3 months of age, Stiff or rigid arms or legs, Pushing away or arching back, Floppy or limp body posture, Inability to sit up without support by 8 months. Use of only one side of the body, or only the arms to crawl, Persistent primi
Behaviroal signs as an early warning to Cerebral Palsy include:	Excessive irritability, No smiling by age 3 months, Feeding difficulties, Persistent tongue thrusting, Frequent gagging or choking with feeding, After 6 months of age, tongue pushing soft food out of the mouth
Associated problems with Cerebral Palsy include	Learning Disabilities and Mental Retardation, Visual Deficits, Hearing Deficits, Communication Deficits, Seizures, Feeding and Eating Problems, Bowel and Bladder Problems
nutritional enhancement for Cerebral Palsy include:	privide high caloie diet, supplement vitamins, minerals and protein, and maintain hydration status
strategies to promote dental health of a cerebral palsy pt include	meticulous oral hygiene, visit dentist at least every 6 mo, and close monitoring if on phenytoin
Antispasmodic meds for Cerebral Palsy include	Dantrolene, Balcofen, Valium and Botulinum Toxin Type A
Cerebral Palsy maintance of skin integrity include	monitor sites of potential skin alteration, keep sites clean and dry, and change position at least every 2 hours
Cerebral Palsy patients usually die due to ____ illness	respiratory
__is a term for any diffuse disease of the brain that alters brain function or structure.	Encephalopathy
___ may be caused by infectious agent (bacteria, virus, or prion), metabolic/mitochondrial dysfunction, brain tumor/ICP, prolonged exposure to toxic elements	Encephalopathy
____ is an increased tension of the muscles, meaning the muscle tone is abnormally rigid, hampering proper movement.	Hypertonicity
_____is a decreased tension in muscle tone. A lack of muscle tone inhibits proper movement as the muscle is not developed or is too soft to support the body	Hypotonicity
A muscle____is a permanent shortening of a muscle or tendon in the human body in response to continued hypertonic stress exerted on that muscle or tendon, such as constant spasticity.	contracture
Contractures are most often seen in the tightest muscles of people with conditions like ____	spastic cerebral palsy
____The involuntary functioning of an organ or other body structure that is not under conscious control	automatisms
____is a neurological sign and symptom consisting of gross lack of coordination of muscle movements	ataxia
_____is a condition in which the eyes are not properly aligned with each other. AKA Crossed Eyes	Strabismus
_____is optic disc swelling that is caused by increased intracranial pressure. The swelling is usually bilateral and can occur over a period of hours to weeks.	Papilledema (or papilloedema)
____commonly known as double vision, is the simultaneous perception of two images of a single object. These images may be displaced horizontally, vertically, or diagonally (i.e. both vertically and horizontally) in relation to each other.	Diplopia
____A sign to detect hydrocephalus & brain abscess. Percussion (tapping) on the skull at a particular spot (near the junction of the frontal, temporal & parietal bones) yields an unusually resonant sound in the presence of hydrocephalus/a brain abscess.	Macewen sign
___ sounds hollow or like a cracked pot?	Macewen sign
Cushing's Triad is the late sign of IICP with manifestations of ____,____, & ____?	hypertension, bradycardia and apnea
_____is an unusually prominent forehead, sometimes associated with a heavier than normal brow ridge	Frontal bossing is an unusually prominent forehead, sometimes associated with a heavier than normal brow ridge
fever, photophoia, and skin changes like petechias, purpura and poor perfusion are all clinical manifestationsof ___ irritation and inflammation?	Clinical manifestations of meningitis irritation and inflammation

Created by: cgwayland

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