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Psych 2213 Ex 1
Level 3 Psych exam 1 vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| asylum | safe refuge or haven offering protection; in US, became a term used to describe institutions for the mentally ill |
| case management | management of care on a case by case basis, representing an effort to provide necessary svcs while containing cost; in community, case mgmt svcs include assessing med and psych svcs and providing assistance with tasks of daily living |
| deinstitutionalization | deliberate shift in care of the mentally ill from institutional care in state hospitals to care in community based facilities & through community-based services |
| DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) | taxonomy published by the APA; the DSM-IV-TR describes all mental disorders and outlines specific diagnostic criteria for each based on clinical experience and research |
| managed care | concept designed to purposely control the balance between the quality of care provided and the cost of that care |
| managed care organization | developed to control the expenditure of insurance funds by requiring providers to seek approval before the delivery of care |
| mental disorder | DSM-IV-TR: clinically significant behavior or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an ind and that is associated w present distress or disability or w a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or loss of freedom |
| mental health | state of emotional, psychological, and social wellness evidenced by satisfying relationships, effective behavior and coping, positive self-concept, & emotional stability |
| phenomena of concern | describes 12 areas of concern that mental health nurses focus on when caring for pts |
| psychotropic drugs | drugs that affect mood, behavior, and thinking that are used to treat mental illness |
| self-awareness | process of developing an understanding of one's own values, beliefs, thoughts, feelings, attitudes, motivations, prejudices, strengths, and limitations and how these qualities affect others |
| standards of care | authoritative statements by professional organizations that describe the responsibilities for which nurses are accountable; care that nurses provide to pts meets set expectations and is what any nurse in a similar situation would do |
| utilization review firms | developed to control the expenditures of insurance funds by requiring providers to seek approval before delivery of care |
| akathisia | intense need to move about; characterized by restless movement, pacing, inability to remain still, and the pt's report of inner restlessness |
| anticholinergic side effects | dry mouth, constipation, urinary hesitancy or retention, dry nasal passages, and blurred near vision; commonly seen as side effects of medications |
| antidepressant drugs | primarily used in treatment of major depressive illness, anxiety disorders, the depressed phase of bipolar disorder, and psychotic depression |
| anxiolytic drugs | used to treat anxiety and anxiety disorders, insomnia, OCD, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol withdrawal |
| Black Box Warning | medication package inserts must have a highlighted box, separate from the text, that contains a warning about the life-threatening or otherwise serious effect(s) of the med |
| computed tomography (CT) | diagnostic procedure in which precise x-ray beam takes cross-sectional images (slices) layer by layer |
| depot injection | a slow-release, injectable form of antipsychotic medication for maintenance therapy |
| dopamine | a neaurotransmitter located primarily in the brain stem; has been found to be involved in control of complex movements, motivation, cognition, regulation of emotional responses |
| dystonia | extrapyramidal side effect to antipsychotic med; incl acute muscular rigidity & cramping, stiff or thick tongue with diff swallowing, &, in severe cases, laryngospasm & resp diff; aka DYSTONIC REAX |
| efficacy | maximal therapeutic effect a drug can achieve |
| epinephrine | derivative of norepinephrine, most prevalent neurotransmitter in the nervous system, loc primarily in the brain stem, & plays a role in changes in attention, learning, and memory, sleep and wakefulness, and mood regulation |
| extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) | reversible mvmt disorders induced by antipsychotic or neuroleptic medication |
| half-life | the time it takes for half of the drug to be eliminated from the bloodstream |
| kindling process | the snowball-like effect seen when minor seizure activity seems to build up into more frequent and severe seizures |
| limbic system | area of the brain located above the brain stem that includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | diagnostic test used to visualize soft tissue structures; energy field is created with a magnet and radio waves, then converted to a visual image |
| mood-stabilizing drugs | used to treat bipolar d/o by stabilizing the pt's mood, preventing or minimizing the highs and lows that characterize bipolar illness, & treating acute episodes of mania |
| neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) | potentially fatal, idiosyncratic reaction to an antipsychotic (or neuroleptic) drug |
| neurotransmitter | the chemical substances manufactured in the neuron that aid in the transmission of information throughout the body |
| norepinephrine | the most prevalent neurotransmitter in the nervous system |
| off-label use | a drug will prove effective for a disease that differs from the one involved in original testing and FDA approval |
| alternative medicine | therapies used IN PLACE of conventional treatment |
| behavior modification | method of attempting to strengthen a desired behavior or response by reinforcement, either positive or negative |
| behaviorism | school of psychology that focuses on observable behaviors and what one can do externally to bring about behavioral changes. Does not attempt to explain how the mind works |
| client-centered therapy | focused on the role of the client, rather than the therapist, as the key to the healing process |
| closed groups | structured to keep the same members in the group for a specified number of sessions |
| cognitive therapy | focuses on immediate thought processing: how a person perceives or interprets his/her experience and determines how he/she feels and behaves |
| complementary medicine | therapies used with conventional medicine practices |
| coutertransference | occurs when therapist displaces onto the client attitudes or feelings from his/her past; process that can occur when the nurse responds to client based on personal, unconscious needs and conflicts |
| crisis | turning point in an ind's life that produces an overwhelming emotional response; individual is confronting life circumstance or stressor that cannot be managed through customary coping strategies |
| crisis intervention | includes a variety of techniques, based on the assessment of the ind in crisis, to assist in resolution or management of the stressor/circumstance |
| dream analysis | primary method used in psychoanalysis; involves discussing a client's dreams to discover their true meaning and significance |
| education group | therapeutic group; provides info to members on a specific issue: for instance, stress mgmt, med mgmt, or assertiveness training |
| ego | psychoanalytic theory, the balancing or mediating force between the id & superego; represents mature and adaptive behavior that allows a person to fx successfully in the world |
| ego defense mechanisms | cognitive distortions a person uses unconsciously to maintain a sense of control in a situation, to lessen discomfort, & to deal with stress |
| family therapy | form of group therapy in which the client and his/her family members participate to deal with mutual issues |
| free association | psychoanalytic method used to gain access to subconscious thoughts and feelings in which the therapist tries to uncover the pt's true thoughts and feelings by saying a word and asking the pt to respond quickly with the 1st thing that comes to mind |
| group therapy | therapy during which pts participate in sessions with others; the members share a common purpose and are expected to contribute to the group to benefit others and to receive benefit from others in return |
| hierarchy of needs | a pyramid used to arrange and illustrate the basic drives or needs that motivate people; developed by Abraham Maslow |
| humanism | focuses on a person's positive qualities, his.her capacity to change (human potential), and the promotion of self-esteem |
| id | psychoanalytic theory, the part of one's nature that reflects basic or intimate desires (pleasure-seeking behavior), aggression, and sexual impulses; seeks instant gratification & has no regard for rules or social convention |
| individual psychotherapy | method of bringing about change in a person by exploring his/her feelings, attitudes, thinking, and behavior; involves a one-on-one relationship between the therapist and pt |
| integrative medicine | |
| milieu therapy | concept involves pt's interactions w one another, that is, practicing interpersonal rel skills, giving one another feedback about behavior, & working cooperatively as a group to solve problems |
| negative reinforcement | involves removing a stimulus immediately after a behavior occurs so that the behavior is more likely to occur again |
| open groups | an ongoing group that runs indefinitely; members join or leave the group as they need to |
| operant conditioning | theory that says ppl learn their behavior from their history or past experiences, particularly those experiences that were repeatedly reinforced |
| parataxic mode | begins early in childhood as child begins to connect experiences in sequence; may not make logical sense of experience & may see them as coincidence & chance events |
| participant observer | the therapist's role, meaning that the therapist both participates in and observes the progress of the relationship |
| positive reinforcement | a reward immediately following a behavior to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated |
| prototaxic mode | characteristic of infancy and childhood that involves brief, unconnected experiences that have no relationship to one another; adults with schizophrenia exhibit persistent prototaxic experiences |
| psychiatric rehabilitation | services designed to promote the recovery process for pts with mental illness; not limited to modification mgmt and symptom control; includes personal growth reintegration into community, inc independence and inc quality of life |
| psychoanalysis | focuses on discovering causes of pts unconscious and repressed thoughts, feelings, and conflicts believed to cause anxiety & helping to gain resolution (Freud) |
| psychosocial interventions | nursing activities that enhance the pts social and psychological fx and improve social skills, interpersonal relationships, and communication |
| psychotherapy group | goal of the group is for members to learn about their behaviors and to make positive changes in their behaviors by interacting and communicating with others as members of a group |
| self-actualized | describes a person who has achieved all the needs according to Maslow's hierarchy and has developed his/her fullest potential in life |
| self-help groups | members share a common experience, but the group is not a formal or structured therapy group |
| subconscious | thoughts or feelings in the preconscious or unconscious level of awareness |
| superego | psychoanalytic theory, part of a person's nature that reflects moral and ethical concepts, values, and parental and social expectations; therefore in direct opposition to the id |
| support group | organized to help members who share a common problem to cope with |
| syntaxic mode | begins to appear in SA children and becomes more predominant in preadolescence; person begins to perceive him/herself and the world within the context of the env and can analyze experiences in a variety of settings |
| systematic desensitization | behavioral technique used to help overcome irrational fears and anxiety associated with a phobia |
| therapeutic community or milieu | beneficial environment; interaction among pts is seen as beneficial, and txt emphasizes the role of this client-to-client interaction |
| therapeutic nurse-patient relationship | professional, planned relationship between pt and nurse that focuses on pt needs, feelings, problems, and ideas; interaction designed to promote pt growth, discuss issues, and resolve problems; 3 phases |
| transference | occurs when the pt displaces onto the therapist attitudes and feelings that the pt originally experienced in other relationships; it is common for the pt to unconsciously transfer to the nurse feelings he/she has for others |
| acceptance | avoiding judgements of the person, no matter what the behavior |
| advocacy | process of acting on the pt's behalf when he/she cannot do so |
| attitudes | general feelings or a frame of reference around which a person organizes knowledge about the world |
| beliefs | ideas that one holds to be true |
| confidentiality | respecting the client's right to keep private and info about his/her mental and physical health and related care |
| congruence | occurs when words and actions match |
| duty to warn | EXCEPTION to confidentiality; when hcp are legally obligated to warn another person who is the target of threats or plan by the client, even if threats were discussed during therapy sessions otherwise protected by confidentiality |
| empathy | ability to perceive the meanings and feelings of another person and to communicate that understanding to the person |
| exploitation | (PEPLAU - WORKING PHASE) phase of nurse-client relationship, when the nurse guides the client to examine feelings & responses & develop better coping skills & more positive self-image; encourages behavior change & develops independance |
| genuine interest | truly paying attention to the pt, caring about what he/she is saying; only possible when the nurse is comfortable with him/herself and aware of his/her strengths and limitations |
| intimate relationship | rel between two people who are emotionally committed to each other; both are concerned about having their ind needs met and helping each other meet needs as well; rel may include sexual or emotional intimacy & goal sharing |
| orientation phase | beginning of the nurse-client relationship; begins when the nurse and pt meet and ends when the pt begins to identify problems to examine |
| patterns of knowing | 4 patterns of knowing in nursing: empirical knowing, personal knowing, ethical knowing, and aesthetic knowing; provide the nurse with a clear method of observing & understanding every pt interaction |
| positive regard | unconditional, nonjudgmental attitude that implies respect |
| preconceptions | the way one person expects another to behave or speak; often a roadblock to the formation of an authentic relationship |
| problem identification | part of the working phase of the nurse-client situation, when the client identifies the issues or concerns causing problems |
| self-disclosure | revealing personal info such as biographical info and personal experiences, ideas, thoughts, and feelings about oneself |
| social relationship | primarily initiated for the purpose of friendship, socialization, companionship, or accomplishment of a task |
| termination or resolution phase | final stage in the nurse-client relationship; begins when the pt's problems are resolved and concludes when the relationship ends |
| therapeutic relationship | aka therapeutic nurse-client relationship |
| therapeutic use of self | nurses use themselves as a therapeutic tool to establish the therapeutic relationship with clients and to help them grow, change, and heal |
| unknowing | when the nurse admits he/she does not know the pt or the pts subjective world, this opens the way for a truly authentic encounter; nurse in a state of unknowing is open to seeing and hearing the pts views without imposing any of his/her own |
| values | abstract standards giving a person a sense of right and wrong and establishing a code of conduct for living |
| working phase | in the therapeutic relationship, the phase where issues are addressed, problems identified, and solutions explored; nurse and pt work to accomplish goals; contains Peplau's phases of prob id and exploitation |
| abstract messages | unclear patterns of words that often contain figures of speech that are difficult to interpret |
| active listening | concentrating exclusively on pt's words, refraining from other internal mental activities |
| active observation | watching the speaker's nonverbal actions as he/she communicates |
| assertive communication | ability to express positive and negative ideas and feelings in an open, honest, and direct way. Recognizes rights of both parties; speaker is cal; makes specific, factual statements; and focuses on "I" statements |
| body language | nonverbal form of communication: gestures, postures, movements, and body positions |
| circumstantiality | use of extraneous words and long, tedious descriptions |
| closed body positions | nonverbal behavior such as crossed legs and arms folded over chest that indicate the listener may be failing to listen, defensive, or not accepting |
| communication | process people use to exchange information |
| concrete messages | words that are as clear as possible when speaking to the pt so that the pt can understand the message; concrete messages are important for accurate information exchange |
| congruent messages | when communication content and processes agree |
| context | environment in which an event occurs; includes the time and physical, social, emotional, and cultural environments |
| content | verbal communication; the literal words that a person speaks |
| cues | verbal or nonverbal messages that signal key words or issues for the pt |
| overt cues | |
| covert cues | |
| directive role | asking direct yes/no questions and using problem-solving to help the client develop new coping mech to deal with present, here-and-now issues |
| distance zones | amount of physical space between people during communication; US and Canada and many Eastern Europeans - 4 distance zones gen observed: intimate, personal, social, and public |
| eye contact | looking into the other person's eyes during communication |
| incongruent message | when the communication content and process disagree |
| intimate zone | space of 0 to 18 inches between people; amt of space comfortable for parents with young children, ppl who mutually desire personal contact, or ppl whispering; invasion by anyone else is threatening and produces anxiety |
| nondirective role | using broad openings and open-ended questions to collect information and help the pt to identify and discuss the topic of concern |
| nonverbal communication | behavior that accompanies verbal content, such as body language, eye contact, facial expression, tone of voice, speed and hesitations in speech, grunts and groans, and distance from listener |
| personal zone | space of 18 to 36 inches; a comfortable distance between family and friends who are talking |
| process | in communication, denotes all nonverbal messages that the speaker uses to give meaning and context to the message |
| proxemics | the study of distance zones between people during communication |
| public zone | space of 12 to 25 feet; acceptable distance between a speaker and an audience, between small groups, and among others at informal functions |
| social zone | a space of 4 to 12 feet, which is the distance acceptable for communication in social, work, and business settings |
| spirituality | pt's beliefs about life, health, illness, death, and one's relationship to the universe; involves the essence of a person's being & his/her beliefs about the meaning of life and the purpose for living |
| therapeutic communication | an interpersonal interaction between the nurse and the client during which the nurse focuses on the pt's specific needs to promote an effective exchange of info |
| verbal communication | the words a person uses to speak to one or more listeners |
| culturally competent | being sensitive to issues rel to culture, race, gender, sexual orientation, social class, economic status, and other factors |
| culture | all socially learned behaviors, values, beliefs, and customs, transmitted down to each generation, as well as a population's ways of thinking that guide its members' views of themselves and the world |
| environmental control | refers to the pt's ability to control the surroundings or direct factors in the environment |
| ethnicity | concept of people identifying with one another based on a shared heritage |
| hardiness | the ability to resist illness when under stress |
| race | division of humankind possessing traits that are transmitted by descent and sufficient to identify it as a distinct human type |
| resilience | defined as having healthy responses to stressful circumstances or risky situations |
| resourcefulness | involves using problem-solving abilities and believing that one can cope with adverse or novel situations |
| self-efficacy | a belief that personal abilities and efforts affect the events in our lives |
| sense of belonging | feeling of connectedness with or involvement in a social system or environment of which a person feels an integral part |
| social network | groups of people whom one knows and with whom one feels connected |
| social organization | refers to family structure and organization, religious values and beliefs, ethnicity, and culture, all of which affect a person's role and, therefore, his/her health and illness behavior |
| social support | emotional sustenance that comes from friends, family members, and even health-care providers who help a person when a problem arises |
| socioeconomic status | refers to one's income, education, and occupation |
| time orientation | whether or not one views time as precise or approximate; differs among cultures |
| abstract thinking | ability to make associations or interpretations about a situation or content |
| affect | outward expression of the pt's emotional state |
| automatisms | repeated, seemingly purposeless behaviors often indicative of anxiety (i.e. drumming of fingers, twisting hair, or tapping foot); unconscious mannerism |
| blunted affect | showing little or a slow-to-respond facial expression; few observable facial expressions |
| broad affect | displaying a full range of emotional expressions |
| circumstantial thinking | term used when a pt eventually answers a question but only after giving excessive, unnecessary detail |
| concrete thinking | when pt continually gives literal translations; abstration is diminished or absent |
| delusion | a fixed, false believe not based in reality |
| flat affect | showing no facial emotion |
| flight of ideas | excessive amt and rate of speech composed of fragmented or unrelated ideas; racing, often unconnected, thoughts |
| hallucinations | false sensory perceptions or perceptual experiences that do not really exist |
| ideas of reference | pt's inaccurate interpretation that general events are personally directed at him.her, such as hearing a speech on the news and believing the message has personal meaning |
| inappropriate affect | displaying a facial expression that is incongruent with mood or situation; often silly or giddy regardless of circumstances |
| insight | ability to understand the true nature of one's situation and accept some personal responsibility for that situation |
| judgement | refers to the ability to interpret one's environment and situation correctly and to adapt one's behavior and decisions accordingly |
| labile | rapidly changing or fluctuating; such as someone's mood or emotions |
| loose associations | disorganized thinking that jumps from one idea to another with little or no evident relation between the thoughts |
| mood | refers to the pt's pervasive and enduring emotional state |
| neologisms | invented words that have meaning only for the pt |
| psychomotor retardation | overall slowed movements; a general slowing of all movements; slow cognitive processing and slow verbal interaction |
| restricted affect | displaying one type of emotional expression, usually serious or somber |
| self-concept | the way one views oneself in terms of personal worth and dignity |
| tangential thinking | wandering off the topic and never providing the info requested |
| thought blocking | stopping abruptly in the middle of a sentence or train of thought; sometimes a pt is unable to continue the idea |
| thought broadcasting | delusional belief that others can hear or know what the pt is thinking |
| thought content | what the client actually says |
| thought insertion | delusional belief that others are putting ideas or thoughts into the pts head; that is, the ideas are not those of the pt |
| thought process | how the patient thinks |
| thought withdrawal | delusional belief that others are taking the client's thoughts away and the client is powerless to stop them |
| waxy flexibility | maintenance of posture or position over time even when it is awkward or uncomfortable |
| word salad | flow of unconnected words that convey no meaning to the listener |
| assault | any action that causes a person to fear being touched, without consent or authority, in a way that is offensive, insulting, or physically injurious |
| autonomy | person's right to self-determination and independence |
| battery | involves harmful or unwanted contact with a client, actual harm or injury may or may not have occurred |
| beneficence | refers to one's duty to benefit or promote good for others |
| breach of duty | nurse (or physician) failed to conform to standards of care, thereby breaching or failing the existing duty; nurse did not act as a reasonable, prudent nurse would have acted in similar circumstances |
| causation | action that constitutes a breach of duty and was the direct cause of the loss, damage, or injury; in other words, the loss, damage, or injury would not have occurred if the nurse had acted in a reasonable, prudent manner |
| deontology | theory that says ethical decisions should be based on whether or not an action is morally right with no regard for the results or consequences |
| duty | existence of a legally recognized relationship, that is, physician to client, nurse to client |
| ethical dilemma | situation in which ethical principles conflict or where there is no one clear course of action in a given situation |
| false imprisonment | unjustifiable detention of a client, such as the inappropriate use of restraint or seclusion |
| fidelity | refers to the obligation to honor commitments and contracts |
| injury or damage | the pt suffered some type of loss, damage, or injury |
| justice | refers to fairness, or treating all people fairly and equally without regard for social or economic status, race, sex, marital status, religion, ethnicity, or cultural beliefs |
| least restrictive environment | treatment appropriate to meet the pts needs with only necessary or required restrictions |
| malpractice | type of negligence that refers specifically to professionals such as nurses and physicians |
| mandatory outpatient treatment | |
| negligence | an unintentional tort that involves causing harm by failing to do what a reasonable and prudent person would do in similar circumstances |
| nonmaleficence | the requirement to do no harm to others either intentionally or unintentionally |
| restraint | the direct application of physical force to a person, without his/her permission, to restrict his/her freedom of movement |
| seclusion | involuntary confinement of a person in a specially constructed, locked room equipped with a security window or camera for direct visual monitoring |
| tort | a wrongful act that results in injury, loss, or damage |
| utilitarianism | a theory that bases ethical decisions on the "greatest good for the greatest number"; primary consideration is on the outcome of the decision |
| veracity | the duty to be honest or truthful |
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