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Blood (Immunity)

Patho

QuestionAnswer
what does the hematopoietic system include? (3) blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid system
What is the hematopoietic system? blood generating system in the kidneys
What are the 3 types of granulocytes? neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
all the phagocytic cells are ________ granulocytes
what granulocyte maintains all normal host defenses? neutrophils
bands that shift from left to right immature neutrophils
segs mature neutrophils
Contain degrading enzymes used to destroy foreign sub, complex polysaccharides, proteins, lipids...Mediates the inflam response...Begin in the myeloblasts in the bone marrow...> levels of myeloblasts in the blood are of a blood cell prolif. disorder neutrophils
Exercise, stress, epinephrine, and corticosteroids can raise levels r/t causing a shift back into the circulation neutrophils
Endotoxins and microbes cause decrease levels r/t the neutrophils leaving the circulation for the tissue neutrophils
Release enzymes/chemical mediators that detoxify agents in allergic reactions eosinophils
Increase in parasite infections eosinophils
Release heparin along with the mast cells for anti-coagulation and histamine for allergic reactions basophils
originate in lymphoid stem cells in the bone marrow and defend against microbes in the immune response lymphocytes
from antibodies that produce plasma; humoral mediated immunity B cells
form CD4 and CD8; cell mediated immuninty T cells
Engulf larger and greater quantities than neutrophils and Important in chronic inflammation and immune response monocytes and macrophages
What are the 4 types of WBC? Granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages
bone marrow is made of 3 cell types..what are they? self-renewing stem cells, diff progenitor parent cells, and functional mature blood cells
erythrocytes are ____ RBC
myelocytes are ____ granulocytes and monocytes
lymphocytes are ___ T cells and B cells
megakarocytes are ____ PLT's
cytokines regulates the blood cells colony stimulating factors
where the lymphocytes orignate, mature and interact with antigens lymphiod tissue
what is the central lymphiod tissue consist of? bone marrow and the thymus
where the T cells mature thymus
where all lymphocytes originate bone marrow
what does the peripheral lymphoid tissue do? is the site where mature lymphocytes respond to foreign antigens
What does the peripheral lymphoid tissue include? (4) lymph nodes, spleen, mucosa-assoicated lymph tissue, and cutaneous immune system
leukopenia < WBC
leukocytosis > WBC
what is the normal WBC count? 5 to 10 thousand
neutrophil count of < 500 neutropenia
agranulocytosis < 200 neutrophils
What are some causes of Neutropenia? (6) Increased removal from the blood d/t inflammation and infection, Drug-induced granulocytopenia, Periodic neutropenia, bone cancer, idiopathic neuropenia, Felty's syndrome
felty's syndrome spleen destruction
all the myeloid cells are impaired leading to anemia, thromobocytopenia, and agranulocytosis aplastic anemia
traps neutrophils in the spleen splenomegaly
> destruction of neutrophils in the spleen felty's syndrome
What are 3 causes of congenital neutropenia cyclic neutropenia, koffman's syndrome. and transient (temporary) neutropenia
Autosomal dominant, Periods of neutropenia occurring every 21-30 days and lasting 3-6 days, Unknown cause Cyclic neutropenia
May occur sporadically or be autosomal recessive, Normal RBC, PLT, and WBC levels w/ low neutrophils, Monocytes and eosinophils may be increased Koffman's Syndrome
Occurs in infants of hypertensive mothers, Usually last 1-60 hours, but may persist 3-30 days,Decreased neutrophil production transient (temporary) neutropenia
What are the S/S of Neutropenia? fever, malaise, chills, weakness, and fatigue and LOW WBC
What are some complications of neutropenia? resp. infections are common...ulcerations of mouth, skin, vagina, and GI tract are common
What is the TX for neutropenia? ABT, hematopoietic growth factors
is known as the kissing disease infectious mononucleosis (mono)
What are the 2 non-neoplasic disorders of WBC? mononucleosis and neutropenia
self-limiting lyphoproliferative disorder caused by EBV, which is in the herpes family infectious mono
EBV infects the B cells by killing the cell or being incorporated into its genome. Those B cells with incorporated EBV produce heterophil antibodies that are used for diagnosis mono
____ are vital for fighting mononucleosis CD8 and NK cells
Once the disease is eliminate, a few B cells remain altered; therefore giving the individual an asymptomatic infection for life and occasional shedding of the EBV to others spreading the disease mono
What are the S/S of mononucleosis? fever, malaise, anorexia, chills, pharyngitis, and myphadenopathy
What are 6 rare side effets of mononucleosis? 1. severe toxic pharyngotonsillitis may obstruct airways 2. cranial nerve palsies 3. encephalitis 4.meningitis 5.transverse myelitis and 6. Guillain-Barre syndrome
acute illness usually last 2-3 weeks; may not fully recover for 2-3 months mononucleosis
what is the treatment for mono? bedrest, analgesics/antipyretics
insidious (vague) onset mono
what is mono's incubation period? 4-8 weeks
what are 3 neoplastic disorders (malignant lymphomas)? (4) Hodgkin's disease, non-hodgkin's lymphoma, leukemias,multiple myeloma
involves solid tumors with the presence of Reed-Strenberg cells Hogdkin's Disease
7th most common Hogdkin's Disease
most curable cancer Hogdkin's Disease
what are the S/S (by stage) of Hogdkin's Disease? S/S-painless enlarge nodes (Stage A); wt loss, fever, or night sweats (Stage B); fatigue, pruritis, and anemia may indicate a spread of the disease; anergy, increased neutorphils, & mild anemia are common
What happens in the late stages of Hogdkin's Disease? pt is susceptible to infections
Where does Hogdkin's Disease originate? one lymph node then spreads to the other nodes and surrounding tissues
although Hogdkin's Disease has an unknown cause, what may be the cause? viruses, carcinogens, or immune related
How does the staging work in Hogdkin's Disease? based on the # of lymph nodes and whether it has moved to the bone marrow and liver
what is the TX for Hogdkin's Disease? irradiation and chemo
____% cure rate for Hogdkin's Disease with TX 70
How is Hogdkin's Disease DX? presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in a lymph node biopsy, CT, lymphangiography, and gallium scans
Cells of the lymphoid tissue become abnormal and eventually crowd out normal cells in the surrounding area Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas
has no reed-sternberg cells Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas
Where does Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas orginiate? outside the lymph nodes and spreads rapidly
If Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas is heterogenous there is a potenital for___ malignancy
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas is ____X more common than Hodgkin's 3
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas is more common in which gender? males
most common place for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas to orginiate T and B cells
what is the cause of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas? unknown, but may be a virus
most common s/s of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas painless, swollen lymph nodes, but depends on the stage
What is the DX for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas? DX-lymph node biopsy, bone marrow biopsy, serological studies, CT scans, and nuclear medicine studies
What is the TX for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas? TX-radiation, chemo combination, bone marrow and stem cell transplantations
Cancer of the blood-forming tissues of the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph system; Characterized by an abnormal proliferation and accumulation of immature WBCs and their precursors Leukemias
What are the 4 types of Leukemias 1. Acute lymphocytic/lymphoblastic Leukemias (ALL) 2. Acute Myelogenous/myelocytic leukemia (AML) or acute granulocytic leukemia (AGL) 3. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) 4. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
Leukemias most common in kids Acute lymphocytic/lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
immature lymphocytes proliferate in the marrow and abnormal leukemic cells resemble immature lymhpocytes or lymphoblasts Acute lymphocytic/lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
a 2nd rise in incidence occurs in middle age and older adults Acute lymphocytic/lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
immature granulocytes proliferate and accumulate in the marrow Acute Myelogenous/myelocytic leukemia (AML) or acute granulocytic leukemia (AGL)
rate of incidence > with age esp. over 50 years of age Acute Myelogenous/myelocytic leukemia (AML) or acute granulocytic leukemia (AGL)
auer rods may be present in the cytoplasm of the myelolasts Acute Myelogenous/myelocytic leukemia (AML) or acute granulocytic leukemia (AGL)
a standard dignosis for Acute Myelogenous/myelocytic leukemia (AML) or acute granulocytic leukemia (AGL) is that over ___% of hempatopoietic cells must be ____ 30%...myeloblasts
a hematologic disorder of the bone marrow, is referred to as pre-leukemia and may progress to AML; this syndrome has abnormal hematologic cell production and low peripheral blood counts myelodysplastic syndrome
leukemia that is more common in men Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
leukemia that occurs more frequnently b/t the ages of 50-70 and has a more grandual onset Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Abnormal incompetent lymphocytes proliferate, accumulate, and spread to other lymphatic tissue Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Abnormal stem cells lead to an uncontrolled proliferation of granulocyte cells resulting in a marked increased in circulating blast cells, which an then lead to leukostasis and intracerebral hemorrhage Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
In most cases, the characteristic chromosomal abnormality is present-Philadelphia chromosome (on chromosome # 22) Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
Occurs primarily b/t the ages of 30-50; slightly higher in men; more gradual onset Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
Abnormal or immature WBCs form and do not function properly leading to the massive proliferation of abnormal immature cells and fewer WBCs Leukemias Pathophysiology
The abnormal cells can continue to multiply and infiltrate damaging the bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, liver, kidneys, lungs, gonads, skin, and CNS Leukemias Pathophysiology
Normal bone marrow becomes diffusely replaced w/ abnormal or immature WBCs, interfering w/ the bone marrow’s ability to produce other types of cells such as erythrocytes and thrombocytes-bone marrow depression Leukemias Pathophysiology
has more of a rapid onset, progresses rapidly, with a short clinical course; left untreated, death will result in days to months; symptoms relate to depressed bone marrow, infiltration of leukemic cells into other organs, and hypermetabolis Acute Leukemias Pathophysiology
has a more insidious onset w/ a more prolonged clinical course; asymptomatic early in the disease; life expectancy may be more than 5 years; symptoms relate to hypermetabolism of leukemia cells infiltrating other organ systems; cell mature and function mo Chronic Leukemias Pathophysiology
What are the S/S of Leukemia? S/S-anemia, infection (decreased functioning WBCs), hemorrhage (thrombocytopenia), SOB, fatigue, malaise, weakness, wt loss, decreased activity tolerance, petechiae, ecchymosis, gingival bleeding, epistaxis, pallor, lymphoadenopathy, hyperuricemia
What is the DX of acute leukemia? DX-presence of leukemic cells in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, or extramedullary tissue, presence of blasts in circulation and bone marrow, and anemia
What is the TX of acute leukemia? TX-Chemo, radiation, bone marrow transplants
massive destruction of malignant cells during initial phase of tx; can be life threatening Tumor Lysis syndrome (acute leukemia)
What is the DX of chronic leukemia? same as acute: DX-presence of leukemic cells in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, or extramedullary tissue, presence of blasts in circulation and bone marrow, and anemia
What is the TX of chronic leukemia? TX-may do nothing or may do chemo, interferon, allogenic bone marrow transplants, stem cell transplants
plasma cell neoplasm multiple myeloma
occurs mostly in men 50-69; more prominent in AA..and the cause is unknown multiple myeloma
has an inappropriate response to an antigen or a virus like particle multiple myeloma
Malignant plasma cells arise from one clone of B cells, proliferate w/I the hematopoietic tissue, and then infiltrate the rest of the bone to produce osteolytic lesions multiple myeloma
during multiple myeloma, bone destruction leads to ___ hypercalcium and pathologic fractures
Occasionally, you see a marked increase of IgG and IgA making the blood more viscous and occluding small blood vessels multiple myeloma
production of an abnormal immunoglobulin indicated by elevated blood levels and the presence of Bence Jones protein in the urine Hallmark of multiple myeloma
What are the S/S of multiple myeloma? gradual, insidious onset, recurrent infections, bone pain (bone destruction and lytic bone lesions), cord compression (vertebral collapse), diffuse osteoporosis, renal stones (high Ca levels), hypercalcemia, renal disease (renal stones and Bence Jones pro
What is the DX for multiple myeloma? DX-clinical manifestations, presence of Bence Jones proteins, bone marrow studies, and lab studies
What is the TX for multiple myeloma? TX-not very effective; chemo, radiation, and thalidomide (Thalomid)
Created by: TayBay15
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