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Chapter 9 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Conquistador | name for the Spanish explorers who claimed land in the Americas for spain |
| cultural convergence | the contact and interaction of one culture with another |
| caudillo | a Latin american military dictator |
| pampas | a grassland region in Argentina and uruguay |
| cay | a small, low island or coral reef |
| coral | the rock-like skeletons of tiny sea animals |
| tropical storm | a storm with winds of at least 39 miles per hour |
| hurricane | a destructive tropical storm that forms over the Atlantic ocean, usually in late summer and early fall, with winds of at least 74 miles per hour |
| El Nino | a warm ocean current off south americas northwestern coast that influences global weather patterns |
| canopy | the uppermost layer of a forest where tree branches meet. |
| mestizo | a person of mixed European and Native American heritage |
| mulatto | a person of mixed African and European ancestry |
| Volcanoes | a break in earth's crust where magma and other material erupts from earth's interior |
| Rain forest | a type of thick evergreen forest found in areas of heavy rainfall |
| deserts | a geographic region with too little rainfall to support much plant life; also vegetation zone |
| isthmus | a narrow strip of land that links two larger landmasses |
| landmasses | a very large, unbroken area of land |
| Volcanic Islands | an island formed when an underwater volcano builds up enough lava and ash to rise above sea level |
| Plateaus | a raised area of land, such as a hill or mountain, with a flat top |
| basin | a bowl-shaped depression, or hallow, in earth's surface |
| climates | the pattern of weather over a long period of time |
| temperate | moderate or mild, without extremes of hot or cold |
| arid | dry or lacking rainfall; also a climate or climate zone that is hot and dry all year with very little rain |
| semiarid | dry, with little rainfall; also a climate or climate zone with hot, dry summers and cool, dry winters |
| tropical wet and dry | a climate or climate zone that is hot all year with rainy and dry seasons |
| ecosystem | a community of all the living things in an area and the environment in which they live |
| cloud forest | a type of high-altitude, tropical forest that is usually covered by clouds or mist |
| hurricanes | the name for a tropical cyclone that begins in the Atlantic ocean |
| broad leaf evergreen forest | a vegetation zone of mainly tall trees that remain green all year; also refers to the type of vegetation in this zone |
| Desert scrub | a vegetation zone of mainly small trees, bushes, and other plants adapted to a dry climates; also refers to the type of vegetation in this zone |
| tropical grasslands | vegetation or a vegetation zone of mainly grasses and scattered trees adapted to a tropical wet and dry climate |
| vegetation zone | a large area of earth with a certain mix of plants and trees that are adapted to similar conditions |
| forest floor | a bottom layer, or ground, of a forest |
| temperate grasslands | vegetation or a vegetation zone of mainly grasses and scattered trees adapted to a tropical wet and dry climate |
| empire | a group of territories, peoples, or nations ruled by a single authority |
| dictator | a leader who governs by force, without the consent of the people |
| urban | found or live in a city |
| natural resources | a useful material that is found in nature, such as water, wood, coal, or oil |
| economic activities | any action that relates to the marking,buying, and selling of goods and services |
| livestock raising | raising animals for food, milk, wool, or other products |
| subsistence farming | farming carried out mainly to provide food for farm families, with little surplus for sale to others |
| barter | conducting trade by exchanging goods or services instead of money |
| hydro electric power | electricity that is generated from the power of moving water |
| commercial farming | raising crops for sale, often with the use of large ships |
| plantations | a large farm, especially in a hot area |
| forestry | the planting, growing, and harvesting of trees |
| tourism | travel for pleasure rather than business or necessity; also, the business of organizing such travel |
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