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Ch 5 Vocab
Medical Terminology Class, Chapter 5 Vocabulary
| Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
| absorption | passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream |
| amino acids | building blocks of proteins, produced when proteins are digested |
| amylase | enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch |
| anus | opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body |
| appendix | blind pouch hanging from the cecum (in the RLQ). It literally means hanging on. |
| bile | digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules. Bile originally was called gall, probably because it had a bitter taste. |
| bilirubin | pigment released by the liver in the bile |
| bowel | intestine |
| canine teeth | pointed, "dog tooth" , like canine teeth, next to (distal to) the incisors. Also ccalled cuspids or eyeteeth |
| cecum | first part of the large intestine |
| colon | large intestine, consisting of the cecum; the ascending, transverse, and descending segments of the colon; and the rectum |
| common bile duct | carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also called the choledochus |
| defecation | elimination of the feces from the digestive tract through the rectum |
| deglutition | swallowing |
| dentin | major tissue composing teeth, covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root |
| digestion | breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms |
| duodenum | first part of the small intestine |
| elimination | act of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials |
| emulsification | physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat |
| enamel | hard, outermost layer of a tooth |
| enzyme | a chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. Digestive enzymes break down complex foods to simpler substances |
| esophagus | tube connecting the throat to the stomach |
| fatty acids | substances produced when fats are digested |
| feces | solid wastes; stools |
| gallbladder | small sac under the liver; stores bile |
| glucose | simple sugar |
| glycogen | starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells |
| hydrochloric acid | substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food |
| ileum | third part of the small intestine |
| incisor | one of four front teeth in the dental arch |
| insulin | hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. It transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver |
| jejunum | second part of the small intestine |
| lipase | pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats |
| liver | large organ located in RUQ of the abdomen. It secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; and destroys worn-out red blood cells. Weighs about 2.5-3 lbs |
| lower esophageal sphincter (LES) | ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. Also called cardiac sphincter |
| mastication | chewing |
| molar teeth | the sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch |
| palate | roof of the mouth. The hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper jaw bone (maxilla). The soft palate is the posterior fleshy part between the mouth and the throat |
| pancreas | organ under the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of foods) |
| papillae (papilla) | small elevations on the tongue. A papilla is a nipple-like elevation |
| parotid gland | salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear |
| peristalsis | rhythmic contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and other tubular structures |
| pharynx | throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose |
| portal vein | large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines |
| protease | enzyme that digests protein |
| pulp | soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels |
| phloric sphincter | ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum |
| phlorus | distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum |
| rectum | last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus |
| rugae | ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach |
| saliva | digestive juice produced by salivary glands |
| salivary glands | parotid,sublingual, and submandibular glands |
| sigmoid colon | fourth and last S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum |
| sphicter | circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening |
| stomach | muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. The stomach's parts are the fundus (proximal section), body (middle section), and antrum (distal section) |
| triglycerides | large fat molecules composed of three arts fatty acid and one part glycerol |
| uvula | soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate |
| villi (villus) | microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream |
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