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Neuro 2

Patho

QuestionAnswer
uncontrolled discharge of neurons of cerebral cortex that interferes with normal function seizures
___ s/s: involuntary repetitive movement, strange sensations and perceptions, confusion, and < LOC seizures
____ or ____ seizures provoked or nonprovoked
seizure that involves only part of the brain partial seizure
consciouseness is not impaired, Jacksonian march; spreads systematically, limited to one body part simple seizure
sensory and somatic s/s including tingling, numbness, visual, auditory, olfactory or taste, "dizzy spells" simple partial seizure
imparied consciuosness, begins as simple partial and progresses to impairment or consciousness at onset, involves automatic behaviors w/out consious knowledge; repetitive, semi-purposeful, patterned movements; may inclucde antisocial/aggressive behavior complex partial seizure
may spread from original discharge site to other parts of brain and become generalized sz preceded by specific aura is partial sz that becomes generalized secondary generalized partial seizure
Sz involving whole brain at onset generalized sz
petit mal--staring spell; usually lasts <15 seconds; during which the pt is unaware of surrounding--usually present in children absence-simple sz (petit mal)
dx of absence-simple sz 3 sec spike on EEG
staring spell accompanied by nyoclonic jerk of one or more muscle groups and automatisms (chewing, smacking) absence-atypical sz
dx of absence atypical sz atypical wave on EEG
single jerk or one of more muscle groups; last only seconds myoclonic sz
drop attack; sometimes associated with myoclonic atonic sz
jerking of muscle groups clonic sz
stiffening of muscle groups tonic sz
grand mal; starts with tonic followed by clonic movement, inconsciousness, possible bowel and bladder incontinence, may have only tonic or only clonic; may bite tongue; reduced consciousness during postictal recovery tonic clonic sz---grand mal
usually generalized; usually does not recur as long as underling cause remains corrected metabolic or toxin induced sz
what are 4 risk factors of sz brain tumors, fam hx, head injury, and neurological factors
continuing or immediatly reoccuring sz, recovery b/t attacks incomplete, usually last 30 minutes or more status epilepticus
what are a few important tx of sz protect pt head, maintain airway,do not force hard objects b/t teeth and do not restrain...turn to side
syndrome of intellectual deterioration severe enough to interfere with occupational or social performance dementias
may involve px with memory, language, perception, motor skills, ability to learn, px solving, abstract thinking, and judgment dementias
chronic, progressive cerebral degeneration alzheimer's
occurs most often after age 65 with an unknown cause alzheimer's
plaques, pathological changes, and neurological tangles occur in the brain and within the plaque there are dying nerves alzheimer's
# of functioning neurons is <, which accounts for the decline in cognition, memory, and thought alzheimer's
best way to dx alzheimer's is a ____ PET (positron emission tomography)
what are some tx and helpful tips to slow down alzheimer's antioxidants (vit E), memory aids, fam support, speak slowly, COLOR RED, simple one step instructions
a rare disease involving atrophy of the frontal and temporal areas Pick's Disease
the neurons in the affected areas contain cytoplasmic inclusions-pick bodies Pick's Disease
cytoplasmic inclusions pick bodies
is more common in women with the average onset being the young age of 38 and death occurs within 2-10 years do to infection Pick's disease
___ s/s: behavioral changes, memory deficits, absence of care and concern, loss of initiative, echolalia, hypotonia, incontinence Pick's disease
caused by a prion and is the human version of mad cow disease Crutzfeldt-Jacob disease
resistant to chemical and medical tx for sterilization and require special surgical suites (one in US at emory) Crutzfeldt-jacob disease
can be dormant for up to 40 years, but when activated has a rapid progression Crutzfeldt-jacob disease
what are 5 dementia diseases? alzheimer's....pick's disease....cruztfeld-jacob disease....wernicke-korsakoff syndrome....huntington's disease
death occurs within months with s/s: extreme dementia, insomnia, ataxia Crutzfeldt-jacob disease
results from chronic alcholism and caused by B1 def (thiamine) wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
____ s/s: acute weakness, hallucinations, confusion, anger, etc wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
rare hereditary disorder-autosomal dominant huntington's disease
wernicke-korsakoff syndrome caused from ____ def B1 Thiamine
Huntington's disease is caused by hereditary disorder _______ autosomal dominant
chronic progressive chorea, psychological changes, and dementia...usually onset around 40-50 yrs huntington's disease
huntington's disease is hte mutation of chromosome ___ 4
___ s/s: depression and personality changes are seen early...memory loss, impulsive behaviors, emotional outburst, loss of spontaneity, fidgety, restlessness, dyskinesia Huntington's disease
progressive gradual neurological degeneration disorder of the brain Parkinson's disease
occurs more often b/t 50-60 and the cause is unknown Parkinson's disease
neurons in the substanitia nigra and corpus straiatum in the midbrain degenerate and storage of dopamine Parkinson's disease
Dopamine levels decrease, acetycholine increases leading to muscle excitation Parkinson's disease
___ s/s: pill rolling, tremors, mask-like face, drooling, unsteady shuffling gait, everything is delayed (slowmovement: bradykinesia Parkinson's disease
increase in CSF volume of any part of the ventricular system hydrocephalus
____ and ___ are types of hydrocephalus noncommunicating and communicating
obstruction in the ventricular system preventing the CSF from reaching the arachnoid villi; causes: congenital malformations, tumors, inflammation, hemorrhage noncommunicating hydrocephalus
from impaired reabsorption of CSF into the venous system communicating hydrocephalus
dilation of the ventricular system and a compensatory increase in CSF volume secondary to a loss of brain tissue hydrocephalus ex vacuo
acute onset looks like IICP hydrocephalus
hydrocephalus classic sign in babies is ___ bulging fontanels
degenerative disease of the upper and lower motor neurons of the cerebral cortex, brain stem, and spinal cord that results in total paralysis amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS)...Lou Gehrig's disease
Amyotropic lateral sclerosis is aka ___ Lou Gehrig's disease
cause is unknown (may be autoimmune) and it occurs b/t 40-50 yrs and is more common in men...usually fatal in 3-5 years amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS)...Lou Gehrig's disease
most common type of spinal cord injury cervical (neck) injury
____ drive voluntary motor movement; originates in the cerebral cortex and end at the anterior horn cell of the cord; damage in paralysis Upper motor neuron (UMN)
begins at the anterior horn cell; becomes part of the perp. nerve to the muscle, motor side of reflex arc; results in areflexia and flaccid paralysis Lower motor neuron (LMN)
what are 6 types of spinal cord injury? fx (most common), dislocation, subluxation, compression, concussion, transection, overstretching
loss of reflex activity below the level of injury; cord is not severed------see hypotension and braycardia and can last 2 days to several months spinal shock
erection without stimulation; early sign of spinal shock resolution bulbocavernous reflex
a life-threatening involuntary sympathetic response to a noxious stimuli and occurs AFTER spinal shock is resolved autonomic dysreflexia
seen in injuries above T6 autonomic dysreflexia
common triggers of autonomic dysreflexia bladder and bowel distention
___ s/s: sweating above injury, pale below injury, > BP, HA autonomic dysreflexia
subjective feeling in which individual's response to noxious stimuli on the sensory nerve endings pain
componets of pain (5) affective (emotional), behavior, cognitive(beliefs and attitiudes), sensory, and physiological
degree of pain an individual can withstand pain tolerance
the point of pain recognition; varies from person to person pain threshold
____ carried by A-delta fibers fast pain
myelinated fibers that carry SHARP, well localized pain fast a-delta fiber pain
__ carried by C-fibers slow pain
unmyelinated fibers that carry DULL, burning, aching diffuse sensations slow c-fiber pain
pain duration 6 months or less and usually sudden onset in a localized area; physiological response acute pain
pain duration > 8 months; can be indefinite; poorly localized and no physiological response chronic pain
pain with psy response of fear and anxiety acute
fear with psy response of depression chronic
pain perceived at a site different from the origin referred pain
pain that exists in a removed body part phantom pain
chronically progressing pain that is unrelenting and severely debilitating intractable pain
process of how pain is recognized consciously and can be considered conceptually nociception
conversion of a stimulus to an action potential at the site of tissue injury transduction
the neuronal action potential is transmitted to and through the CNS so that it can be perceived transmission
theoretical gates in the dorsal horn gate control theory
pain perception and the experience of pain occurs in the ___ and may occur in the basic level of the ____ cortex...thalamus
inhibition of nociception modulation
efferent fibers descending from the brain stem alter pain modulation
what are 2 types of modulation endogenous opiods, endogenous analgesia center
endogenous opioids natural morphine like substance
many analgesics modulate pain by mimicking ___ endogenous neuromodulator
extremely common, affect women more, and affects daily fucntioning...may be autosomal dominant migraine headaches
2 main categories of migraine headaches are: migraines with aura-visual/neuro s/s that preceed migraine and migraine without aura
what are 4 subtypes of migraines? opthalmoplegic, hemiplegic, aphasic, and retinal
combination of the different types (transformed migraines) mixed migraine
pretty uncommon HA that affects more men and tend to occur in cluster over weeks or months, followed by a long HA free remission period cluster HA
___ s/s: miosis(pupil constriction), ptosis (eyelid dropping), eyelid edema, unilateral pain, facial sweating cluster HA
most common HA tension HA
____ s/s: dull, ache, diffuse, nondescript, occuring at the hat band HA with no N/V tension HA
peripheral nerves are affected by injury or disease---often intratractable and present after healing has occured neuropathic pain
severe, breif, often repetitive attacks of lightening-like or throbbing pain that occurs along the spinal or crainal nerces and is precipitated by stimulation of the cutaneous regions of that nerve neuralgia (neuro pain)
facial tics or grimaces...neuralgia on the face trigeminal (neuro pain)
most common neuropathic pain that is the most severe and includes a stabbing, paroxysmal attacks of pain and usually unilateral trigeminal (neuro pain)
neuropathic pain that persists as a complication of herpes zoster postherpetic pain
chronic pain from crushing injury and does not respond to normal pain med complex regional pain syndrome
imbalance in joint movement b/c of poor bite, teeth grinding, or jt pxs TMJ temporomandibular joint syndrome
Created by: TayBay15
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