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CVCC NUR104 ch1-5
CVCC NUR104 pharmacology ch 1-5 Fall 08
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| approaches to therapy | Therapeutic methods |
| chemical substances that have an effect on living organisms | Drugs |
| drugs used in the prevention or treatment of diseases | Medicines |
| most meaningful to the chemist, exact chemical constitution of the drug and the exact placing of its atoms or molecular groupings | Chemical name |
| a simpler and/or common name given to a drug before it becomes official | Generic name |
| the name under which the drug is listed by the FDA | Official name |
| followed by the symbol ®which indicates the name is registered and that its uses is restricted to the owner of the drug, usually the manufacturer. Trade name is usually easier to pronounce and the first letter is capitalized | Trademark/brand name/proprietary name |
| nonprescription drugs that are sold in a pharmacy or the health section of department or grocery stores | Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs |
| referred to as recreational drugs; drugs or chemical substances used for non-therapeutic purposes | Illegal drugs |
| publication named in the Food and Drugs Act | Food and Drug Regulations |
| authoritative, science-based books which set forth required standards of purity for drugs, as well as laboratory tests to determine purity | The United States Pharmacopeia (USP)/ National Formulary (NF) |
| an index of all medicines available in the United States | American Drug Index |
| comprehensive reference book published annually by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists in Bethesda, Maryland | American Hospital Formulary Service, Drug Information |
| most comprehensive book available on the subject of drug interactions | Drug Interaction Facts |
| large looseleaf compendium of more than 2000 pages published by Facts and Comaparisons | Drug Facts and Comparisons |
| the most comprehensive reference available on the topic of compatibility of injectable drugs | Handbook on Injectable Drugs |
| most comprehensive text available on OTC medications that can be purchased in the United States | Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs |
| one of the most comprehensive text available for information on drugs in current use throughout the world | Martindale-The Complete Drug Reference |
| standard for evidence-based information on herbal medicines and combination products of herbal medicines | Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database |
| discusses more than 4000 therapeutic agents | Physician's Desk Reference (PDR) |
| provides a comprehensive list of the pharmaceutical products distributed in Canada as well as other information of practical value to health care professionals | Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties (CPS) |
| provides comprehensive information for health professionals and consumers about the nonprescription drug products available in Canada | Patient Self-Care: Helping Patients Make Therapeutic Choices |
| offers quick-glance, comparative tables on thousands of products and monographs on hundreds of commonly used nonprescription products | Compendium of Self-Care Products (CSCP) |
| three-volume set publication supplemented with bimontly updates | United States Pharmacopeia Dispensing Information (USPDI) |
| 1938 authorizes the FDA of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to determine the safety of drugs before marketing and to ensure that certain labeling specifications and standards in advertising are met in the marketing of products | Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act |
| empower Health Canada to protect the public from foreseeable risks relating to the manufacture and sale of drugs | Food and Drugs Act/ Food and Drug Regulations |
| establishes the requirements for the control and sale of narcotics and substances of abuse in Canada; also provides for the nonprescription sale of certain codeine preparations | Controlled Drugs and Substance Act |
| include three categories (Schedules I, II, III) which include medications sold behind the counter at pharmacies, examples are antihistamines and insulin. | Nonprescription drugs |
| phase of new drug development beginning with discovery, synthesis, and purification of the drug | Preclinical research |
| "testing in humans, or IND stage that is subdivided into 3 phases | Clinical research |
| submitted when sufficient data haas been collected and demonstrates that the experimental drug is both safe and effective, it requests approval to market the new drug for human use | New Drug Application (NDA) |
| fourth phase of drug product development, an ongoing review of adverse effects of the new drug as well as periodic inspections of the manufacturing facilities and products | Postmarketing surveillance |
| diseases that pharmaceutical manufacturers have been reluctant to develop products for, these include: Cystic fibrosis, Hansen's disease, and Sickle cell anemia | Health orphans |
| specific sites that form chemical bonds with drugs | Receptors |
| The study of the interactions between drugs and their receptors and the series of events that result in a pharmacologic response | Pharmacodynamics |
| drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response | Agonist |
| drugs that attach to a receptor but do not stimulate a response | Antagonists |
| drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response but inhibit other responses | Partial Agonists |
| once administered, all drugs go through four stages: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion | ADME |
| process by which a drug is transferred from its site of entry into the body to the circulating fluids of the body for distribution | Absorbtion |
| drug is administered directly into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by oral, rectal, or nasogastric routes | Enteral route |
| bypass the GI tract by using subcutaneous (subQ), intramuscular (IM), or intravenous (IV) injection | Parenteral route |
| include inhalation, sublingual (under the tongue), or topical (on the skin) administration | Percutaneous administration |
| way in which drugs are transported by the circulating body fluids to the sites of action (receptors), metabolism, and excretion | Distribution |
| a blood sample that is drawn while a drug is circulating for determining the amount of drug present | Drug blood levels |
| process by which the body inactivates drugs | Metabolism/biotransformation |
| elimination of drug metabolites and, in some cases, the acive drug itself from the body | Excretion |
| the amount of time required for 50% of the drug to be eliminated from the body | Half-life |
| usually occuring when a drug enters a patient and is absorbed and distributed | Desired action |
| potential response for a drug to affect more than one body system simultaneously | Side effects/Adverse effects |
| when adverse effects are severe | Toxicity |
| a series of things that a nurse/physician should expect and monitor (e.g., theraputic actions to expect, side effects to expect, adverse effects to report and proable drug interactions) | Parameters |
| occurs when something unusual or abnormal happens when a drug is first administered | Idiosyncratic reaction |
| occurs in 6-10% of patients taking medications usually who have previously been exposed to a drug and have developed antibodies to it from their immune systems | Allergic reaction/Hypersensitivity reaction |
| on reexposure, the antibodies cause a reaction, most commonly seen as raised, irregularly shaped patches on the skin and severe itching | Urticaria/Hives |
| ability of a drug to induce living cells to mutate and become cancerous | Carcinogenicity |
| usually occuring when a drug enters a patient and is absorbed and distributed | Desired action |
| potential response for a drug to affect more than one body system simultaneously | Side effects/Adverse effects |
| a drug that induces birth defects | Teratogen |
| a phenomenon well documented stating that a patient's positive expectations about treament and the care received can positively affect the outcome of therapy | Placebo effect |
| a phenomenon stating that negative expectations about threapy and the care received can result in less than optimal outcomes of therapy | Nocebo effect |
| occurs when a person begins to require a higher dosage to produce the same effects that lower dosage once provided | Tolerance |
| occurs when a person is unable to control the ingestion of drugs, dependence may be physical, or psychological | Drug dependence/addiction/habituation |
| a drug may accumulate in the body if the next dose is administered before the previously administered dose has been metabolized or exreted, may result in toxicity | Drug accumulation |
| said to occur when the action of one drug is altered by the action of another drug | Drug interaction |
| only the unbound drug is pharmacologically active | Unbound drug |
| The effect that occurs when the previously administered drug dose has not yet been metabolized or excreted when the next dose is administered | Drug accumulation |
| two drugs with similar actions are taken for a doubled effect | Additive effect |
| the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of teh effect of each drug given alone | Synergistic effect |
| one drug interferes with teh action of another | Antagonistic effect |
| the displacement of the first drug by a second drug increases the activity of the first drug | Displacement |
| the first drug inhibits the metabolism or excretion of the second drug, causing increased activity of the second drug | Interference |
| the first drug is chemically incompatible with the second drug, causing deterioration when both drugs are mixed in the same syringe or solution | Incompatibility |
| developing science that studies the diffrences in the normal function of men and women and how people of each sex perceive and experience disease | Gender-specific medicine |
| the study of how drug response may vary according to inherited differences in drug metabolism | Pharmacogenetics |
| naturally occuring variations in the structures of genes and the products they make for the body | Polymorphisms |
| Drugs diffuse across a cell membrane from a region of high concentration (eg, GI fluids) to one of low concentration (eg, blood). Diffusion rate is directly proportional to the gradient but also depends on the molecule's lipid solubility, size, degree of | Passive Diffusion |
| the breakage of a chemical bond by adding water,or by incorprating a hydrol(OH-)group into one fragment and a hydrogen ion(H+)into the other | Hydrolysis |
| passing through the intestines | Intestinal transit |
| The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. | Protein binding |
| the process by which the body inactivates medicines | Drug Metabolism |
| Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. | Metabolites |
| measurement of a drug's concentration in biologic fluids to correlate the dosage administered and the level of medicine in the body with the pharmacologic response | Therapeutic drug monitoring |
| administration of many drugs together, multiple drug therapy | Polypharmacy |
| foundation for the clinical practice of nursing | Nursing process |
| standardized language for reporting and analyzing nursing care delivery that has been individualized for the patient | Nursing classification system |
| ongoing process that starts with the admission of the patient and continues until the patient is discharged from care | Assesment |
| second phase of the five-step nursing process; a clinical judgment about individual, family, or community responses to actual or potential health problems/life processes | Nursing diagnosis |
| based on human responses to health conditions and life processes that exist in an individual, family or community. it is supported by defining characteristics that cluster in patterns of related cues or inferences | Actual nursing diagnosis |
| a clinical judgment that an individual, family or community is more susceptible to the problem than others in the same or similar situation. it is supported by risk factors that contribute to increased vulnerability. | Risk/high-risk nursing diagnosis |
| suspected patient problems requiring additional data for confirmation | Possible nursing diagnosis |
| a clinical judgment about an individual, group, or community in transition from a specific level of wellness to a higher level of wellness | Wellness nursing diagnosis |
| these nursing diagnoses cluster actual or high-risk signs and symptoms that are predictive of certain circumstances/events. | Syndrome nursing diagnosis |
| manifestations or signs and symptoms | Defining characteristics |
| statement of the patient's alterations in structure and function and results in a diagnosis of a disease or disorder that impairs normal physiologic function | Medical diagnosis |
| physiological complications that nurses monitor, but for which nurses cannot independently initiate definitive treatment | Collaborative problem |
| process of collecting additional data specific to a patient or family that validates a suggested problem or nursing diagnosis | Focused assessment |
| the written or computer-generated document that evolves from this planning process | Nursing care plan |
| standardized care plan derived from "best practice" patterns, enabling the nurse to develop a treatment plan that sequences detailed clinical interventions to be performed over a prjected amount of time for a specific case type or disease process | Critical care pathway |
| organizing patients needs in order to maintain homeostasis | Priority setting |
| start with an action word followed by the behaviors to be performed by the patient or family, with a specific amount of time allocated for attainment | Measureable goal statements |
| A record of what the patient hopes/expects to achieve from the assessment and management of their condition | Patient goals |
| statements that list in a concise form exactly what the nurse will do to achieve each goal developed for each nursing diagnosis | Nursing action/intervention |
| describe how specific actions will be implemented for an individual patient | Nursing orders |
| the study of drugs and their actions on living organisms | Pharmacology |
| handbook describing major diseases and their treatment; published by the Canadian Pharmacists Association | Therapeutic choices |
| classifications of controlled substances, schedules are used in teh U.S. and Canada | Schedules |
| an inactive substance prescribed as if it were an effective dose of a needed medication | Placebo |
| statements documenting the effectiveness of patient care delivered | Anticipated Theraputic statements |
| statements documenting the effectiveness of patient care delivered | Expected outcome statements |
| the study of the mathematical relationships among the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and exretion of individual medicines over time | Pharmacokinetics |
| actions suggested by the causes of the problems identified in the nursing diagnosis and used to implement plans | Nursing Actions |
| nursing actions the nurse implements cooperatively with other members of the health care team for restoring or maintaining the patients health | Dependent Actions/Interdependent Actions |
| nursing actions not prescribed by a health care provider that a nurse can provide by virtue of education and licensure attained | Independent Actions |
| a list of all prescriptions adn over-the-counter medications, and herbal products a patient is taking. For each medication, note the name, dose, schedule and duration of use | Drug history |
| the patient is the main source of information | Primary source |
| information provided by the patient | Subjective data |
| information gained from observations that the nurse makes using physiologic parameters | objective data |
| information sources other than the patient, such as relatives, medical records, laboratory reports, or other health care professionals | Secondary sources |
| information souces such as a literatory search | Teritary sources |
| a statement that specifies the kinds and ammounts of ingredients a drug or class of drugs may contain, the directions for the drug's use, teh conditions in which it may be used, adn the contraindications to its use | Drug monographs |
| The unintended response produced by drugs when they affect more than one body system simutaneoulsy. also known as adverse effect | Side effects |
| Purpose for which a medicine or a treatment is prescribed by a health care professional | Therapeutic intent |
| symptoms that can be alleviated or prevented by actions of the nurse or patient that will require immediate planning for patient education | Side effects to expect |
| a collaborative problem in which the nurse has a responsibility to monitor the patient for adverse effects of drug therapy and report suspected adverse effects to the health care provider | Side effects to report |
| the level at which basic knowledge is learned and stored; the thinking portion of the learning process that incorporates a person's previous experiences and preceptions | Cognitive domain |
| the most intangible portion of the learning process that deals with feelings, needs, beliefs, values, and opinions | Affective domain |
| involves the learning of a new procedure or skill; often referred to as the "doing domain" | Psychomotor domain |
| learning statements that assert the purpose of activities adn the expected outcome | Objectives |
| the assumption that ones culture provides the right way, the best way, and they only way to live | Ethnocentrism |
| a health care system that asserts all disease has a cause | Scientific biomedical paradigm |
| a health care view of the world and its inhabitants as being under the control of supernatural, mystical force | Magicoreligious paradigm |
| health care view recognizing harmony among the body, mind, and spirit | Holistic paradigm |
| research technique used to study adherence of patients to their health care regimen | Ethnography |
| the formalized developement of learning objectives that direct patients toward achieving goals based on their needs | Health teaching |
Created by:
christalprater
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