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CP Unit 1
SPC Cardiopulmonary Physiology Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four types of pulmonary epithelium? | Straitifed Squamous, Pseudostratified Columnar, Cuboidal, Simple Squamous |
| What are the major structures of the upper airways? | Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx |
| What are the conducting airways of the lower airways? | *Trachea (1) *Mainstem bronchi (2) *Lobar bronci (5) *Segmental bronchi (18/19) *Subsegmental bronchi (<40) *Broncioles (<1mm in diam.) *Terminal bronchioles (0.5mm in diam.) |
| What are the gas exchange airways? | Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, Alveolar sacs, & Alveoli |
| What are the types of epithelium in the pharynx? | Nasopharynx – pseudostratified ciliated columnar Oropharynx – stratified squamous Laryngo/hypopharynx – stratified squamous |
| What are the types of epithelium in the larynx? | *Above chords – stratified squamous *Below chords – pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
| Identify the cartilages that comprise the larynx? | Epiglottis, Thyroid, Cricoid |
| What are the internal dimensions of the trachea? | Length: 11-13 cm. 15-20 C-shaped cartilages Diameter: 1.5 - 2.5cm |
| What are the proximal and distal landmarks of the trachea? | C-5 to T-5; Cricoids cartilage to carina; Carina is 21-23cm from the lips |
| Distinguish the anatomical differences of the primary bronchi. | *Right: 20-30 degree angle, Length: 2.5cm, Diameter: 1.4cm *Left: 40-60 degree angle, Length: 5cm, Diameter 1.0cm |
| What is the composition of the epithelium which lines the lower conducting airways? | Pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
| Identify the composition of the lamina propria | Lymphatic vessels; Smooth muscle; Mast cells: also found in the submucosal glands; Vagal nerve branches |
| Identify two pathways by which collateral ventilation can occur across adjacent bronchioles and alveoli. | Canals of Lambert & Pores of Kohn |
| What type of epithelium is in the respiratory bronchioles? | Simple Cuboidal |
| What is Type I cell? | Squamous pneumocyte – (they do most of the work) structural support & gas exchange |
| What is Type II cell? | Granular pneumocyte – inclusion bodies produce surfactant – hold open alveoli |
| What is Type III cell? | Alveolar macrophage – phagocytic “scavenger” cleans bacteria & debris |
| List the primary layers which constitute the alveolar-capillary membrane. | Alveolar epithelium; Alveolar basement membrane; Interstitium (space between); Capillary basement membrane; Capillary endothelium. |
| Describe the composition of the interstitium within the alveolar-capillary membrane. | *Tight space – gas exchange *Loose space – collagen for support & lymphatic vessels for fluid drainage |
| Identify the gross structures composing the thoracic cage. | Clavicles; Sternum; Ribs |
| Identify the components of the pleural cavity. | Visceral Pleura: lungs; Parietal Pleura: ribs, diaphragm, mediastinum; Serous membranes of cuboidal epithelium derived from mesoderm; Pulmonary Ligament: where the pleurae fuse @ the hilum |
| List the major organs, vessels, and nerve found in the mediastinum. | Trachea & mainstem bronchi; Heart; A. aorta & pulmonary artery; Thoracic duct; Esophagus; Phrenic & Vagus nerves |
| List the 3 lobes of the right lung. | Upper, Middle, Lower |
| List the 10 segments of the right lung. | *Upper – apical, posterior, anterior *Middle – lateral, medial *Lower – superior, medial basal, anterior basal, lateral basal, posterior basal |
| List the 2 lobes of the left lung. | Upper, Lower |
| List the 8 segments of the left lung. | Upper – apical-posterior, anterior; Lingular Segments – superior lingular, inferior lingular ; Lower – superior, anterior medial, lateral basal, posterior basal |
| Identify the fissures of the right lung. | Horizontal: separates Upper & Middle; Oblique - separates Middle & Lower |
| Identify the fissures of the left lung. | Oblique - separates Upper & Lower |
| Describe the bronchial blood supply. | Bronch arts perfuse lower conduct airways;1/3 of venous flow from large airways returns to R atrium via Azygos, Hemiazygos, & Intercostal veins;2/3 of venous flow from small airways form;BP Anastomoses drain into pulm circ & return to L Atrium via PVs. |
| Describe the pulmonary lymphatic system. | Superficial: lay just below the visceral pleura. Drains excess pleural fluid |
| Describe the four major NON-SPECIFIC defense mechanisms of the lung. | Sneeze: induced via irritation of Trigeminal Nerve;Cough: induced via irritation of Glossopharyngeal or Vagus Nerves;Mucociliary Escalator: stimulated by cholinergic stimulation ;Alveolar Clearance: macrophages (Type III cells) clear out inhaled or infe |
| Describe the three major SPECIFIC defense mechanisms of the lung. | Immunoglobulins: IgA: antiviral; IgE: associated w/ Type I (eosinophils) hypersensitivity reactions (asthma); IgG & IgM: antibacterial & viral (anti-bodies). |
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