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Stack #146573
Pharmacologic principles
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Additive effects | drug interaction in which the effect of a combination of 2 or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone |
Adverse drug event (ADE) | Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication |
Agonist | A drug that binds to & stimulates the activity of one or more biochemical receptor types in the body |
Antagonist | A drug that binds to &inhibits the activity of 1 or more biochemical receptor types in the body. Also called inhibitors |
Antagonistic effects | drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of 2 or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone |
Bioavailbilty | a measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug & route |
Biotransformation | 1 or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug. Occurs mainly in the liver 7 produce a metabolite that is either inactive or active. Also known as metabolism |
Cytochrome P-450 | general name for a large class of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism |
Drug-induced teraogenesis | the development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effect of drugs |
First-pass effect | the intitial metabolism int he liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream |
Idiosyncratic reaction | An abnormal & unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient |
Metabolite | a chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical reactions involving the parent drug. |
parent drug | the chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body's biochemical reactions into its active or inactive metabolites. |
pharmaceutics | the science of preparing & dispensing drugs, including dosage form design |
pharmacogenetics | the study of the influence of gentic factors on the drug response, including the nature of genetic aberrations that result in absence, overabundance, or insuffucuency of drug-metabolizing enzymes |
pharmacodynamics | the study of the biochemical & physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity. It examines the physicochemical properties of drugs & their pharmacologic interactions with body receptors. |
pharmacognosy | the study of drugs that are obtained rom natural plant & animal sources. |
pharmacokinetics | the rate of drug distribution among various body compartments after a drug has entered the body. It includes the phases of absorption, distribution, metabolism, & excretion of drugs. |
pharmacotherapeutics | the treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs. |
prodrug | an inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body. |
synergistic effects | drug intereactions in which the effect of a combination of 2 or more drugs w/ similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. |
therapeutic index | the ratio between the toxic & therapapeutic concentrations of a drug. If the index is low, the difference between the therapeutic & toxic drug concentrations is small, and use of the drugs is more hazardous. |