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Geology Test 1

Terms

Question	Answer
A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical methods is an _______	element
The subatomic particle that contributes mass and a single positive electrical charge is the _______	proton
Atoms of an element containing different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons are called _______	isotopes
Atoms with either a positive or negative electrical charge are called _______	ions
The bonding between Cl and Na in halite is _______	ionic
_______ is not true of a single silicon-oxygen tetrahedron	The formula is SiO4
_______ is not a type of silicate structure	Pentagonal
_______ is not a silicate	Calcite
On Mohs' hardness scale, ordinary window glass has a hardness of about _______	5-6
The ability of a mineral to break along preferred directions is called _______	Cleavage
Striations are associated with _______	Plagioclase
Glass is ________	atoms randomly arranged
Crystalline substances are always _______	made of repeating patterns of atoms
Physical disintegration of rock into smaller pieces is called _______	mechanical weathering
The decomposition of rocks from exposure to water and atmospheric gases is called _______	chemical weathering
_______ is not a type of mechanical weathering	Oxidation
The single most effective agent of chemical weathering at Earth's surface is _______	carbon dioxide CO2
The most common end product of the chemical weathering of quartz is _______	quartz does not usually weather chemically
Soil with approximately equal amounts of sand, silt and clay along with a generous amount of organic matter is called _______	loam
_______ can be distinguished from one another by appearance and chemical composition, have transitional rather than sharp boundaries, and are classified by letters ABCE&O	Soil horizons*
The soil horizon containing only organic material is the _______	O Horizon
Hardpan forms in the _______	B Horizon
Particles of sediment from 1/16-2mm in diameter are of _______ size	sand
The grinding away of sharp edges and corners of rock fragments during transportation is _______	Rounding*
Compaction and cementation are two common processes of _______	lithification
_______ is not a chemical or organic sedimentary rock	shale
The major difference between breccia and conglomerate is _______	rounding of the grain
_______ is not a type of sandstone	coal
Shale differs from mudstone in that _______	shale is visibly layered and fissile; mudstone is massive and blocky
The chemical element found in dolomite NOT found in limestone is __	Mg
In a graded bed, the particle size _______	decreases upward
A body or rock of considerable thickness with characteristics that distinguish it from adjacent rock units is called a _______	formation
If seal level drops or the land rises, _______ is likely to occur.	a transgression
Thick accumulations of graywacke and volcanic sediments can indicate an ancient _______	convergent boundary
A sedimentary rock made of fragments of preexisting rocks is _______	clastic
Clues to the nature of the source area of sediment can be found in _______	sedimentary structures
Plate tectonics is a result of Earth's internal heat engine, powered by _______	heat flowing from Earth's interior outward
A typical rate of plate motion is _______	1-10 centimeters per year
Volcanic island arcs are associated with _______	ocean-ocean convergence
The division of geology concerned with Earth materials, changes in the surface and interior of the Earth, and the dynamic forces that cause those changes is _______	physical geology
Earthquakes, volcanoes, mudflows, floods, wave erosion at coastlines, and landslides are _______	geologic hazards*
The largest zone of Earth's interior by volume is the _______	mantle
Oceanic and continental crust differ in _______	composition, density, and thickness
The forces generated inside Earth that cause deformation of rock as well as vertical and horizontal movement of portions of Earth's crust are called _______	tectonic forces
Plate tectonics is a _______	theory
The three plate boundaries are _______, _______, and ________.	divergent, transform, and convergent*
The lithosphere is _______	the crust and uppermost mantle
Erosion is a result of Earth's external heat engine, powered by	gravity?
_______ is NOT true of minerals	most minerals are organic*
Rocks are _______	a collection of one or more minerals
True or False: Minerals are stable as long as they stay in the pressure and temperature environment where they originally formed	True
Minerals with the same chemical make-up, but different arrangements of atoms are called _______	polymorphs
The chemical formula for the mineral jadeite (a source of jade) is Na(Al,Fe)Si2O6. The elements in parenthesis indicate that __________	Al and Fe can substitute for one another in the mineral
True or False: The "salt" in the ocean is really sodium ions and chlorine ions.	True
When the electric charge on the water molecule is unevenly distributed, it means _______	we say that water is polar
When a rock like granite is exposed at Earth's surface, it expands and cracks because it is no longer in ________	equilibrium
The most common end product of the chemical weathering of feldspar is _______	clay minerals
True or False: Rocks expand when they are heated and contract when they are cooled.	True

Created by: Ldflores89

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