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Stack #149269
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Continuity? | continual progression from the beginning of life to the end. |
| What is Discontinuity? | growth as occurring in identifiable stages each with distinct problems and characteristics |
| What is an Independent Variable? | variable can be changed "independently" of other factors; "cause" |
| What is a Dependent Variable? | this variable "depends" on what happens to subjects in the experiment;"effect" |
| What is Longitudinal? | studying the same individuals over a "long" time |
| What is cross sectional? | comparison of people at various ages |
| What is cross sequential? | combination of longitudinal and cross sectional designs;starts with a cross sectional studies of individuals with different ages then after some time, the same individuals are tested again |
| Define correlation | a mathematical statistic that indicates whether 2 variables are related to each other |
| What is a Positive correlation? | one variable changes in the same direction as another variable changes |
| What is a Negative correlation? | when 2 variables are inversely related;when one goes up and the other goes down. |
| What is Causation? | when change in one variable causes a change in another |
| What is a Cohort effect? | changes due to a subject's time of birth or generation but not actually to "age" |
| What ia the Psychoanalytic theory? | interprets human behavior and development in terms of intrinsic drives and motives, many of which are unconscious |
| What is Reinforcement? | a term used in operant conditioning to explain anything that "increases" a behavior |
| What is punishment? | a term used in operant conditioning to explain anything that "decreases" a behavior |
| What is the Zone of Proximal Development? (ZPD) | range of skills that can be used without assistance versus what can be obtained with help. |
| What is the definition of Human Development? | The study of human development is concerned with the how and why people change over time and the how and why they remain the same. |
| What is the domains of development? | 3 developmental domains are biosocial,cognitive, and psychosocial. |
| What is the biosocial Domain? | brain and body changes and social influences |
| What is the cognitive Domain? | thought process,perceptual abilities and languages mastery |
| What is the psychosocial Domain? | personality,emotions, and interpersonal relationships |
| What is the Historical context? | a ever changing social construct that affects each cohort differently.(A cohort is a group of persons born within a few years of each other) |
| What is a Socioeconomic Context? | It involves advantages/disadvantages, opportunities and limits. It is measured through income, education,residence, and occupation.(Many social scientists believe that SES is more potent than cohort or ethnicity) |
| What is a cultural Contexxt? | It is similarities and variations among cultures and subcultures. |
| What is culture? | Culture is defined as a common set of values, attitudes and customs used to live or structure life together with others. |
| What is Ethnicity? | A collection of people who share certain attributes such as national origin, religion, culture and languages and as a result tend to have similar experiences. They have a shared beliefs, values, ancestry and religion;similar to culture; and can have diffe |
| What is the Individual and the Social Context? | this is the development that is dependent upon many different social interactions.Influences also take into account internal and external factors. |
| What is Internal Factors? | these are genetic influences, physical maturation, and cognition |
| What is External Factors? | environment, and social interactions |
| What is one of the central debates in the study of human development? | Nature versus Nurture |
| What is nature verus nurture? | the impact of genetics versus the environment on development. |
| What is Nature mean? | inherited traits |
| What is Nurture mean? | environmental influences |
| What is continuity? | continuity is the early life experiences continue to affect people throughout adulthood;continual progression from the beginning of life to the end. |
| What is discontinutiy? | the early characteristics of children disappear while new traits/qualities emerge;growth as occurring in identifiable stages each with distinct problems and characteristics.( ex. terrible 2's, teenage rebellion and midlife crisis) |
| What are the steps of scientific method? | formulate a research question, based on prior research,a specific development theory or personal observation that is important to delvelopmental study. hypothesis to test and predict. test the hypothesis either to agree or not. draw conclusions based on t |
| What are the types of research methods? | naturalistic observations,experiments(independent variable and dependent variable)Survey,interview and case study |
| What is Naturalistic Observation? | observing people in there natural environment. scientist tries not to be obtrusive. There are limitations cant link cause and effect or generalize reults. |
| What is a Experiment? | it tests a hypothesis in a controlled situation and determines causes and effect of behavior. |
| What is the difference between independent variable and dependent variable? | independent variable -cause is the event being manipulated and the dependent variable -effect is the behavior that changes. |
| What is a independent variable? | cause is the event being manipulated |
| What is a dependent variable? | effect is the behavior that changes. |
| Independent variable can be changed independently of other factors? | cause |
| dependent variable depends on what happens to subjects in an experiment? | effect |
| In dependent variable there can be limitations of the experimental method, what are they? | behavior of subjects may be altered because they know they are being studied and experimental bias may occur from the researcher too. |
| What is a Survey? | scientists ask people for information about themselves or for opinions either through personal interviews or formal questionnaires. |
| What are some limitations for survey's? | ability of people to give answers that are true and some may answer the way they think a researcher wants them to respond. |
| What is a Interview? | Interviews can be face to face or over the telephone. |
| What are limitations for interviews? | social desirability responses and people answer to what they believe is socially acceptable rather than true feelings |
| What is a Case Study? | Scientists report and analyze life history, attitudes, behavior and emotions of a single individual in great depth. |
| What is the limitations of a Case study? | Limitations are costly, subjects may drop out, move or even die. and no generalizations can be made. |
| What are the developmental research designs? | longitudinal, cross-sectional and cross-sequential |
| What is a longitudinal developmental research design? | studying the same individuals over a long period of time.allows information about people at one age to be compared with information about them at another age. allows researcher to find out how these particular people changed over time. |
| What are the limitations for a longitudinal research design? | subjects may drop out, move and it is costly. |
| What is an example of a longitudinal design? | Case studies |
| What is a Cross-Sectional research design? | comparison of people at various ages. groups of people who are different in age, but similar in other ways . research is done at one point in time. |
| What is limitations of a cross sectional? | differences may be a product of historical time rather than chronological age and difficult to control background variables. |
| What is a Cross-sequential research design? | combination of longitudinal and cross sectional designs and starts with a cross sectional study of individuals with different ages/after some time, the same individuals are tested again.(longitudinal) |
| What are limitations of a cross-sequential research design? | complex approach , costly and time consuming. |
| What are interpretations of results? | correlation, causation and cohort effects |
| What is correlation? | a statistic that indicates whether 2 variables are related to each other, doesn't indicate causation. |
| What is a positive correlation? | one variable changes in the same direction as another variable changes;bothincrease or both decrease. |
| What is a negative correlation? | when 2 variables are inversely related;when one goes up the other goes down. |
| What is causation? | when change in one variable causes a change in another |
| What is a cohort effect? | changes due to a subject's time of birth or generation but not actually to "age" |
| What is the most important rule for ethics in research? | Do no harm. |
| What is an informed consent? | this is very important. the experimenter explains all aspects of experiment that can influence a subjects decision to participate. |
| What is privacy? | information obtained from the experiment needs to be kept confidential. |
| What is deception? | subject not told they are being studied or not told the true reason to limit subject bias. tricky area..if you tell too much may lead to bias. |
| What is psychoanalytic theory? | sometimes referred to as psychodynamic. it interprets human behavior and development in terms of intrinsic drives and motives and many of these are unconscious. |
| Freud, Vaillant and Levinson are associated with what type of theory? | psychoanalytic or psychodynamic theory |
| Valliant & Levinson are psychoanalytic theorista that believed what? | that drives and motives are the basis for universal stages of development. |
| Freud's psychoanalytic beliefs were what? | Human behavior determined by inhibited sexual drives & aggression. He was very well known for his personality theory. the ID, EGO, SUPEREGO. |
| What was Freud's ID? | unconscious, biological drives |
| What was Freud's EGO? | reality, ability to express sexual & aggressive impulses in a socially acceptable way. |
| What was Freud's SUPEREGO? | the censor, conscience, guilt |
| Fixation results when an individual failed to progress past a certain stage. name this theorists? | Freud |
| Skinner | operant conditioning |
| Freud | psychoanalytic theorist |
| Watson | classical conditioning |
| Thorndike | law of effect |
| piaget developed what stages? | stages of cognitive development |
| operant conditioning principles is what? | revolves around reinforcements and punishment.. time out is example. |
| classical conditionaing invovles 2 stimuli to generate 1 response. true or false | true |
| observation learning involves models and immitation of behavior and habituation and is a process what what happens? | a particular stimulus becomes so familiar that the exposure doesn't produce a response |
| psychodynamic perspective is based on what drives? | unconscious drives |
| Ethology stresses that development are from what? | biologically dtermined |
| cognitive theory is based on what? | thinkig processess |
| humanism is based on what principels? | instrinic motivation to achieve ones's highest potential |
| Albert bandura approach to personality is referred to as what? | social learning theory or sometimes called observational learning |
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