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Stuttering

Theories of Etiology and Constitutinal Factors in Stuttering

QuestionAnswer
Psychological Theories: 1 1. Repressed Need Hypothesis Issue is some level of CONFLICT caused by: - Inadequate interpersonal relationships - Attention gain - Sympathy - Avoid responsibility It is a Freudian/Neo-Freudian theory
What is the empirical evidence for the repressed need hypothesis? Yairi & Ambrose (2005): "Best research FAILED to show that PWS, as a group, are more NEUROTIC or have more PSYCHOLOGICAL disorders than those who do not stutter."
TRUE or FALSE: CWS are from blatant pathologic environments, emotionally unsatisfactory home environments, or unique/different home environments. FALSE
Physiological Theories: 1 1. Cerebral Dominance (follows ideas, not research) - PWS more likely to be left-handed, may begin stuttering in effort to change handedness (1920's) - Orton & Travis: people stutter b/c muscles of speech receive nerve impulses from both hemispheres.
Physiological Theories: 1 cont. - 1 hemisphere needs to be dominant in order for speech movements to be properly synchronized, thus stuttering - Empirical research: Dichotic listening studies - Right ear advantage for verbal stimuli in NS.
Physiological Theories: 2-1 2. Neurological Differences (Stuctural differences) (1) Lateral differences: PWS demo more right hemi activation (for both speech & non speech activities) than NS comparisions
Physiological Theories: 2-1 cont. (2) Cerebellum differences: Compared to NS, PWS have more activation in the cerebellum (during speech and non-speech activities) (3) Decreased Auditory DE-activation: compared to NS, PWS have "neural silence" in auditory cortex during vocalization
Physiological Theories: 2-1 cont. (4) White matter differences: Diff. between PWS and NS, especially true for motor areas and corpus callosum. This may result in deficiencies in motor planning. Unclear as to whether diff's are a result or cause of stuttering
Physiological Theories: 3 3. CNS Disturbances -Ray & Kent (1983): Stuttering is result of CNS disturbance, resulting in "reduced ability to generate temporal patterns, whether sensor or motor" to smoothly sequence the mvmts for fluent speech
Physiological Theories: 3 cont. -Left hemi is superior to the right in processing RAPID auditory and DETAILED motor patterns -More boys than girls have problems with left hemi processing -Stuttering involves reduction of generation temporal patterns for perceptual/productive purposes
Physiological Theories: 3 cont. Emotion disrupts timing in PWS b/c the arrangement for the functions of speech: - is not as effective as NS - are more vulnerable to RH interference during increased emotion
Physiological Theories: 4 4. Genetic Factors: - Stuttering runs in families - Studies suggest genetic influence predisposes a person to stutter - Stuttering SEVERITY does NOT appear to be genetically transmitted
Physiological Theories: 4 cont. Twin studies: - Identical twins more alike in stuttering than fraternal - Howie (1981) a twin is more likely to stutter if the other twin also stutters - Felsenfeld et. al, (2000) 45% monozygotic, 15% dizygotic twins both stuttered
Physiological Theories: 4 cont. Adoption studies: - Greater link between biological families and stuttering, thus slightly higher chance of stuttering in adoptive family (shows interaction between genetics and environment)
Physiological Theories: 5 Irregular Vocalizations: Voice irregularities in FLUENT speech: - slower voice onset/offset - Slower shifting from one sound to another - Harsh glottal attacks
Physiological Theories: 5 cont. Voice irregularities in STUTTERED speech: - Antagonistic abd-adductor contractions - Vocal fry indicating ventricular phonation - Excessive laryngeal tension
Learning Theories: 1 1. Diagnostic Theory: "Stuttering begins not in the child's mouth but the mothers ear" - Empirical evidence to counter: Early stuttering (fluency breaks) more like stuttering disfluency than normal disfluency
Created by: aly435
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