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HCC

HCC 2008 Asepsis

Question	Answer
what is asepsis?	the absence of disease producing microorganisms
why is it important?	to keep patients safe, and prevent stress and assist with adaptation
aseptic techniques help prevent...	the spread of infection
infection	a disease state that results from presence of pathogens in or on the body
infection cycle	infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, means of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host
an infectious agent is	a disease producing microorganism; ex. bacteria, virus, fungi; pathogen
a reservoir is	a place the supports the multiplication and growth of microorganisms; ex. humans, animals, food, water, objects, soil
portal of exit	point of escape from the reservoir; ex.respiratory, GI/GU tract, breaks in the skin, blood and tissues
transmission	routs of travel for a microorganism; two types direct and indirect
direct contact	touching, kissing, sex
indirect contact	contact with a contaminated object; vehicles, vectors, or airborne
vehicles	contaminated blood or food; ex. food poisoning
vectors	mosquitoes, ticks, fleas
airborne	through the air
portal of entry	point at which microorganisms enter the host; ex. urinary, respiratory, GI tracts, break in the skin, mucous membranes, vaginal
susceptible host	a person with a decreases ability to overcome the pathogen or its effects
factors affecting body defenses	age (elderly and children/babies), immune status, illness, physical condition
stages of infection	incubation, prodromal, full stage of illness, convalescent period
incubation stage	interval btw when the pathogen enters the body and when symptoms appear; there are no symptoms but the organisms are growing and multiplying
prodromal stage	early signs and symptoms are present, but they are vague and non specific; ex. fatigue, malaise, low grade fever; person is infectious and the infection can spread most easily
local	one part of the body
systemic	through out the whole body
full stage of illness	specific signs and symptoms of infection are present
convalescent period	recovery period from infection; signs and symptoms diminish, then disappear and a healthy state emerges; return to wellness (appetite and strength returning)
Normal Flora	bodies natural defenses inhibit the growth of microorganisms
Inflammatory response	bodies way of fighting infection, a protective mechanisms that eliminates the pathogen and allows tissues to heal
Immune response	specific reactions to invading pathogens; antigen and antibodies interactions
Humoral immunity	antigen-antibody reaction
antigen	foreign material
antibody	attacks the antigen
Cellular immunity	an increase in the # of lymphocytes (WBCs) to attack and destroy organisms seen as harmful
Factors affecting susceptibility to Infection	intact skin and mucous membranes, pH level in GI and GU tracts, WBCs (resist and attack pathogens), Age sex race heredity, immunization, fatigue stress, nutrition and general health status, # of invasive or indwelling medical devices
Assessment	health history should include immunization status and previous or recurring infections, observe for signs and symptoms of infection
Local signs of infection	redness, swelling, warmth, pain and loss of function in the affected area
Systemic signs of infection	fever, tachycardia, lethargy, anorexia, enlarged lymph nodes
Diagnostic Data for Infection	CBC with differential, Culture and sensitivity(wound, blood, sputum), C-reactive protein, Imagery (x-ray, computed tomography, Magnetic resonance imaging)
6 types of WBCs	neutrophils, Bands (immature neutrophils), lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, Basophils
Absolute Count	obtained multiplying he differential count by the total WBC count;
Response to bacterial infection	increase WBC, Increase Neutrophils, Lymphocytes and Monocytes increase in viral infections, Eosinophils increase in parasitic infection or allergic reaction
Culture and Sensitivity (C&S)	insures the client is getting the correct antibiotic for the organism causing the infection, sensitivity is the ability of the antibiotic to inhibit growth of the bacteria
Resistant	antibiotic does not kill the bacteria
when collecting a culture what must you consider?	collect before antibiotics are given, use a sterile container, special skin prep to prevent contamination, usually drawn in both arms (to make sure no false positives)
C-reactive protein is	a special types of protein produced by the liver that is only present during episodes of acute inflammation
activities that prevent infection or break the chain of infection	Medical(clean) and Surgical(sterile)
Medical/Clean	procedures and practices that reduce the number and transfer of pathogens
Surgical/Clean Asepsis	sterilization of items and keeping them clean practices used to render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms
you would be using a clean method when...	washing hands or wearing gloves
you would use a sterile method when....	changing a dressing or inserting a catheter
microorganisms grow best in...	a warm, dark, moist environment that provides nutrients; ex. mouth, blood, GI and GU tract
microorganisms move from one place to another in a cyclic fashion through...	contact, air currents , or capillary action
The larger the quantity of pathogens...	the greater the chance of disease
The number of microorganisms affects	disease occurrence
the great the pathogens the _______ the rate of getting the disease	higher
___________ is the most effective way to prevent the spread of microorganisms	hand washing
every nursing activity requires	medical asepsis
keep _________ items away from clothing and keep soiled linen off the ________	soiled; floor
clean ______ soiled first, then ________ area	least; dirtier
avoid raising dust...	don't shake linens
dispose of soiled items	immediately
good hygiene	keep hair, skin, nails and mouth clean, cover mouth when cough or sneeze
surgical asepsis is used regularly in	the operating room, delivery room, and labs for invasive studies
sterile objects must be held	above the waist
never walk away or turn your back on a	sterile field... you never know what could happen to it when you are no looking
disinfection	destroys all pathogenic organisms except spore
disinfection can be obtained by using	chemical or mechanical means
concurrent disinfection is performed	day to day
terminal disinfection is performed	at the end of a stay
disinfectant solutions	bleach 10% solution or 1 to 10 parts, betadine, alcohol
sterilization	destroys all pathogenic organisms including the spores
methods for sterilization	autoclave, boiling, dry heat, radiation or Ethylene Oxide gas, free steam
autoclave	250-254 degrees F (all microbe forms)
boiling	for 10 min (in home setting) but it cant destroy some viruses and spores
dry heat	350 degrees F for 2 hours
radiation or Ethylene Oxide gas	used when heat will destroy equipment
Free steam	used to sterilize products that cant handle the pressure of the autoclave
body areas that are sterile	bladder, trachea, peritoneal cavity, brain... all internal organs except the gut are considered sterile
body areas where microorganisms can normally be found	skin, nose, oral cavity, bowel
only a sterile object can touch a	sterile object
medical asepsis areas are contaminated if	they have or are suspected to contain pathogens
surgical asepsis areas are contaminated if	they are touched by any object that is not also sterile
sterile fields must be kept...	dry
________ __________ can cary pathogens to sterile field	air currents
Nosocomial Infection	hospital acquired infection- occurs while patient is staying in the hospital
Exogenous	pathogen is acquired from other people
endogenous	pathogen comes from microbial life harbored in the person
Iatrogenic infection	results from a treatment of diagnostic procedure
someone gets a central line place and then gets a blood infection. This is an example of	a Nosocomial Iatrogenic Infection
Resistant Organisms	pathogens capable of resisting antibiotics
some examples of resistant organisms are	Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin Intermediate Resistant Staph Aureus (VISA), Vancomycin Resistant enterococcus (VRE)
Some Policies Regarding Asepsis	Hand washing, cleaning and disinfecting rooms, disinfection or sterilization of equipment, linen in bags before taken to laundry, no sitting on patients beds, Room assignments, staff have proof of freedom of or immunity to disease
Isolation techniques are used to...	prevent the spread of infection, contained the organism in a limited area, used in hospitals, outpatient centers, homes, limit the movement and social contacts of a person with a communicable disease
Barriers	gloves, gowns, masks, and eye wear
body fluids	blood, semen, and vaginal secretions, breast milk, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid, tissues
standard precaution regulations include	consider all patients potentially infected, wear gloves when in contact with blod and body fluid or objects contaminated with blood or body fluids, cover any draining wounds, use other protective equipment if contamination or splashing of body fluids is p
Linen precautions	keep away from nurses skin, soiled linen should go in a red bag
Sharps precautions	never recap needles, use needle-less devices, place in sharps container immediately, sweep broken glass if you drop a glass object
Airborne transmission	for diseases transmitted by airborne nuclei. ex. measles, TB, varciella
Droplet transmission	for diseases transmitted by large particle droplets. ex. pneumonia, strep, H flu, mumps, pertussis, rubella
Contact transmission	for diseases transmitted by direct contact with patient or items in their environment. ex. infectious diarrhea, impetigo, wound infections, resistant bacteria, MRSA)
PRECAUTIONS for airborne transmission	keep the door closed, patient in a private room with negative air pressure filtration system, wear a filtration mask, minimize patient transport and patient should wear mask outside of the room, dedicate equipment (BP cuff, thermometer) JUST for them
droplet PRECAUTIONS	private room, may keep door open, wear mask within 3 feet of patient visitors too (should wear mask when in the room just in case), transport only when necessary and patient wears a mask, dedicate equipment
contact PRECAUTIONS	private room if possible, wear gloves when entering room, chang gloves and wash hands often, wear gloves if contact with infectious agent is likely, limit patient movement out of room (if the go out they wear gloves and gown), dedicated equipment
infection Control Nurse	educate patient and staff about infection control technique and collects stats about infections
neutrophils increase	infection fighting (bacterial)
lymphocytes and monocytes increase	in viral infections
eosinophils increase	in parasitic infection or allergic reaction

Created by: jaed008

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