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Infection Control
Lpn fall 2008
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Infection | a condition that results when microorganisms cause injury to a host. |
| Colonization | a condition in which microorganisms are present, but the host does not manifest any signs or symptoms of infection. |
| Infection control precautions | physical measures designed to curtail the spread of infectious diseases. |
| Standard precautions | measures for reducing the risk for microorganism transmission from both recognized & unrecognized sources of infection. |
| Use standard precautions with | Blood, All body fluids except sweat, regardless of whether or not they contain visible blood, Nonintact skin, Mucous membranes, Urine, Feces, and vomit. |
| Incubation period | Infectious agent reproduces, but there are no recognizable symptoms. The infectious agent may, however, exit the host at this time & infect others. |
| Prodromal Stage | Initial symptoms appear, which may be vague & nonspecific. They may include mild fever, headache, & loss of usual energy. |
| Acute stage | Symptoms become severe & specific to the tissue or organ that is affected. For example, tuberculosis is manifested by respiratory symptoms. |
| Convalescent stage | the symptoms subside as the host overcomes the infectious agent. |
| Resolution | The pathogen is destroyed. Health improves or is restored. |
| Transmission-based precautions | measures for controlling the spread of infectious agents from pt’s known to be or suspected or being infected with highly transmissible or epidemiologically important pathogens. |
| Types of transmission based precautions | Airborne, droplet, contact. |
| Airborne Pt placement | Pt in private room or in a room with a similarly infected pt. Negative air pressure 6 to 12 air changes per hour, discharge or room air to environment or filtered before being circulated. |
| Airborne Protection | Follow standard precautions, keep door closed; confine pt to room, wear a mask for trapping airborne pathogens, such as N95 respirator or Powered Air Purifying respirator in the case of tuberculosis. Place a mask on the pt if the transport is required. |
| Airborne diseases ex | Pulmonary tuberculosis measles (rubeola). |
| Droplet pt placement | Private room or in a room with a similarly infected pt or one in which there are @ least 3 feet between other pts & visits. |
| Droplet Protection | Follow standard precautions, Leave door open or closed, wear a mask when entering the room depending on agency policy but always when within 3 feet of the pt. Place a mask on the pt if transport is required. |
| Droplet disease ex | Influenza, Rubella, Streptococcal pneumonia, Meningococcal meningitis. |
| Contact pt placement | Private room or in a room with similarly infected pt or consult with an infection control professional if the above options are not available. |
| Contact Protection | Follow standard precautions, Don gloves before entering the room. |
| Contact Protection | Change gloves during pt care after contact with infective material that contains high concentrations of microorganisms. Remove gloves before leaving the room. |
| Contact Protection | Perform handwashing or perform an alcohol-based handrub with an antimicrobial agent immediately after removing gloves. Do not touch potentially contaminated surfaces or items in the immediate environment after glove removal & handwashing. |
| Contact Protection | Wear a gown when entering the room if there is the possibility that your clothing will touch the pt, environmental surfaces, or items in the room, or if the pt is incontinent or has diarrhea, an ileostomy, a colostomy or wound drainage not contained by a |
| Contact Protection | Remove the gown before leaving the environment. Avoid transporting the pt but, if transport is required, use precautions that minimize transmission. Clean bedside equipment & pt care items daily. Use vital sign/assessment items exclusively for the infecte |
| Contact disease ex | Gastrointestinal, respiratory, skin, or wound infections that are drug-resistant, Gas gangrene, Acute diarrhea, Acute viral conjunctivitis, Draining abscess. |
| Airborne Precautions | measures that reduce the risk for transmitting airborne infectious agents. They block pathogens 5 microns or smaller that are present in the residue of evaporated droplets that remain suspended in the air & dust particles. |
| N95 Respirator | a type of mask caregivers must wear when caring for a pt with TB. It must be individually fitted for each caregiver, can filter particles 1 micron (smaller than a millimeter) with an efficiency of 95% or more provided the device fits the face snugly. |
| Powered Air Purifying Respirator (PAPR) | an alternative if a caregiver has not been fitted for an N95 respirator or has facial hair or a facial deformity that prevents a tight seal with an N95 respirator. Blows atmospheric air thru belt-mounted air purifying canisters to the face piece through |
| Droplet Precautions | measures that block pathogens within moist droplets larger than 5 microns. Microorganisms carried on droplets commonly exit the body during coughing, sneezing, talking and procedures such as airway suctioning and bronchoscopy. |
| Contact Precautions | measures used to block the transmission of pathogens by direct or indirect contact. Direct contact involves skin-to-skin contact with an infected or colonized person. Indirect contact occurs by touching a contaminated intermediate object in the pt’s envir |
| Personal Protective Equipment | garment that block the transfer of pathogens from 1 person, place, or object to oneself, or others, & techniques that serve as barriers to transmission |
| Infection control room | health care agencies assign infectious or potentially infectious pts to private rooms. The room has a private bathroom so that personnel. Staff members post an instruction card stating that isolation precautions are required on the door or nearby at eye |
| Cover Gowns | worn for 2 reasons: prevent contamination of clothing & protect the skin from contact with blood & body fluids: when they are removed after direct care of the infectious pt, they reduce the possibility of transmitting pathogens from the pt, the pt’s envir |
| Common cover gowns characteristics | They open in the back to reduce inadvertent contact with the pt & objects. They have close-fitting wristbands to help avoid contamination the forearms. |
| Common cover gown characteristics | They fasten at the neck & waist to keep the gown securely closed, thus covering all the wearer’s clothing. Wear only once, then discard it. They place discarded cloth gowns in the pt’s laundry hamper. Disposable paper gowns are placed in a waste container |
| Gloves | not a total & complete barrier to microorganisms. Wearing gloves does not replace the need for hand antisepsis. Hands can be contaminated during glove removal, & microorganisms that were present on the hands before gloving grow & multiply rapidly in the w |
| Removing protective Equipment | Untie waist closure if it is fastened at the front of the cover gown. Remove the gloves & discard them in a lined waste container. Remove the mask & other disposable face protection items. Remove the gown without touching the front. Fold the soiled side o |
| Handwashing | most important nursing action to perform before leaving the pt’s room and before touching any other pt, personnel, environmental surface, or pt care items. |
| Disposing of contaminated items | Soiled waste containers are emptied @ the end of each shift or more often if their contents accumulate. To avoid spreading pathogens some items are double-bagged. |
| Double-bagging | an infection control measure in which one bag of contaminated items, such as trash or laundry is placed within another. Requires 2 people. |
| Discarding biodegradable Trash | Biodegradable trash is refuse that will decompose naturally into less complex compounds. It includes items such as unconsumed beverages, paper tissues, and the contents of drainage collectors, urine, & stool. |
| Removing reusable items | if reusable items are necessary for care, they are cleaned with antimicrobial disinfectant bagged & sterilized using heat or chemicals. |
| Delivering laboratory specimens | Specimens are delivered to the laboratory in sealed containers in a plastic biohazard bag. When the testing is complete, most specimens are flushed, incinerated, or sterilized. |
| Transporting pt’s | To prevent the exit of pathogens form the pt onto transport equipment, nurses line the surface of the wheelchair or stretcher with a clean sheet or bath blanket to protect the surface from direct pt contact. They use a second sheet or blanket to cover as |
| Psychological Implications | May leave pt’s feeling shunned or abandoned. Need human contact, fearful family & friends may avoid visiting, & pt’s are restricted from leaving their rooms. Measures are needed to relieve the pt’s feelings of isolation by providing social interaction & s |
| Combating sensory deprivation | results when a person experiences insufficient sensory stimulation or is exposed to sensory stimulation that is continuous & monotonous. The goal is to provide a variety of sensory experiences @ intervals. |
| Frequently identified nursing diagnoses include the following | Risk for infection, Ineffective Protection, Risk for infection Transmission (not currently on the NANDA list), Impaired Social Interaction, Social Isolation, Risk for Loneliness, Deficient Divisional Activity, Powerlessness and Fear. |
| Nurses | Play an important role by teaching measures to prevent infection. |
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posiniv
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