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LD BIO CH 28

LD BIO CHAPTER 28 EVOLUTION

TermDefinition
EVOLUTION The gradual change of allele frequencies found in a population
ORGANIC EVOLUTION Is the slow change of a species over time
GEOLOGIC EVOLUTION Is the slow change of Earth over time
HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES In different organisms, have similar internal structures or embryonic development
ANALAGOUS STRUCTURES In different organisms, have similar function, but different internal structures or embryonic development
CLUES ON EARTH PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION Fossils, Bones that show how organisms are similar, and Continents fit together like pieces of a puzzle & share the same rock formations with the same fossils and organisms
VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES Nonfunctional structures that are rem ants of structures that were functional in ancestral form of organs. (Ex: wisdom teeth, muscles that move ears)
FOSSIL Any trace or remains of an organism that has been preserved by natural processes. (Ex: soft tissue of animals usually decays, but in amber & ice they do not).
AMBER A hard, yellow, transparent material formed by the hardening of resin, a sticky substance produced by trees.
ICE Wooly Mammoth & furry rhinoceros have been found with flesh, skin and hair.
PETRIFICATION In bodies of water that contain high mineral content, a dead organism will dissolve and minerals will replace the organism's body leaving a stone fossil. (Ex: Trees in the petrified forest of Arizona are 200 million years old)
BONES Shells, teeth, and dinosaur bones. (Ex: Saber-toothed tiger & wooly mammoth).
MOLDS An organism dies at the bottom of lakes or seas and sinks into the mud or sand which later turns to rock. The organism decays leaving a hollow form of its shape.
CASTS Form when the molds fill with minerals and harden to form rock; a copy of the organism forms.
IMPRINTS The impressions made in mud and then hardens into rock (Ex: animal footprints & leaves)
WAYS TO CALCULATE AGE OF FOSSILS Relative dating & Absolute dating
RELATIVE DATING Any method of determining the order in which events occurred. (Ex: determine age in relation to other rocks by using index fossils or correlation)
YOUNGEST FOSSILS Top layer of sedimentary rock
OLDEST FOSSILS Bottom layer of sedimentary rock
ABSOLUTE DATING Any method that determines how long ago an event occurred. (Ex: Radioactive dating)
RADIOACTIVE DATING Measures radioactivity decay in an isotope (Ex: C-14 - 5,370 years, U-238 - 4.5 billion years & K-40 - 1.3 billing years)
SEDIMENTARY ROCK A type of rock formed from layers of particles that settled to the bottom of a body of water, often containing fossils
FOSSIL RECORD The history of life as determined by the relative age of fossils
IGNEOUS ROCK Formed when molten material in the crust cooled and hardened. Can be dated using radioactive dating methods.
CORRELATION A process by which geologists determine the relative ages of rock layers and fossils in a local region
INDEX FOSSILS Fossils that permit the relative dating of rocks within a narrow time span.
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE A timetable of the earth's history constructed by geologists
EXTINCT The end of a species when the last individual of that species has died
FROM ROCKS AND FOSSILS Change from simple to complex, change from marine to land forms, presence of intermediate forms, presence of transitional series, & sufficient time for evolution to have occurred.
EVIDENCE FROM COMPARATIVE CYTOLOGY Study of cells and their organisms (Ex: all plant cells have mitochondria & chloroplasts
EVIDENCE FROM COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY Physiology, biochemistry, cytochrome c in humans & chimpanzees is same, but differs in bread mold, & insulin from sheep & pigs is same for humans.
PHYSIOLOGY How organisms function
BIOCHEMISTRY How chemical reactions take place (ex: enzyme test)
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OR HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURE Similar in origin & structure (Ex: arm bones of several organisms are similar)
ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES Same function but different origin and structure (ex: wings of fly (has membranes) vs. bird (has bones)...Both used to fly.
EVIDENCE FROM IMMUNOLOGY Antibody reactions to protein or viruses may act the same.
EVIDENCE FROM EMBRYOLOGY All embryos look similar at first and then differentiate and evolve.
VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES Structures that remain but have no function (ex: Coccyx - fused bone (tail))
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION The idea that living things regularly arise from nonliving matter; abiogenesis
BIOGENESIS The theory that living organisms only originate from other living organisms
HETEROTROPH HYPOTHESIS The hypothesis that the first organic compounds were formed by natural chemical processes on the primitive earth and that the first lifelike structures developed from coacervates and were heterotrophs.
COACERVATES According to the heterotroph hypothesis, an aggregate of large protein like molecules; thought to have developed into the first forms of life on the primitive earth.
Created by: desilva13
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