LD BIO CHAPTER 28 EVOLUTION
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| EVOLUTION | The gradual change of allele frequencies found in a population
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| ORGANIC EVOLUTION | Is the slow change of a species over time
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| GEOLOGIC EVOLUTION | Is the slow change of Earth over time
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| HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES | In different organisms, have similar internal structures or embryonic development
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| ANALAGOUS STRUCTURES | In different organisms, have similar function, but different internal structures or embryonic development
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| CLUES ON EARTH PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION | Fossils, Bones that show how organisms are similar, and Continents fit together like pieces of a puzzle & share the same rock formations with the same fossils and organisms
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| VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES | Nonfunctional structures that are rem ants of structures that were functional in ancestral form of organs. (Ex: wisdom teeth, muscles that move ears)
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| FOSSIL | Any trace or remains of an organism that has been preserved by natural processes. (Ex: soft tissue of animals usually decays, but in amber & ice they do not).
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| AMBER | A hard, yellow, transparent material formed by the hardening of resin, a sticky substance produced by trees.
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| ICE | Wooly Mammoth & furry rhinoceros have been found with flesh, skin and hair.
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| PETRIFICATION | In bodies of water that contain high mineral content, a dead organism will dissolve and minerals will replace the organism's body leaving a stone fossil. (Ex: Trees in the petrified forest of Arizona are 200 million years old)
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| BONES | Shells, teeth, and dinosaur bones. (Ex: Saber-toothed tiger & wooly mammoth).
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| MOLDS | An organism dies at the bottom of lakes or seas and sinks into the mud or sand which later turns to rock. The organism decays leaving a hollow form of its shape.
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| CASTS | Form when the molds fill with minerals and harden to form rock; a copy of the organism forms.
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| IMPRINTS | The impressions made in mud and then hardens into rock (Ex: animal footprints & leaves)
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| WAYS TO CALCULATE AGE OF FOSSILS | Relative dating & Absolute dating
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| RELATIVE DATING | Any method of determining the order in which events occurred. (Ex: determine age in relation to other rocks by using index fossils or correlation)
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| YOUNGEST FOSSILS | Top layer of sedimentary rock
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| OLDEST FOSSILS | Bottom layer of sedimentary rock
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| ABSOLUTE DATING | Any method that determines how long ago an event occurred. (Ex: Radioactive dating)
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| RADIOACTIVE DATING | Measures radioactivity decay in an isotope (Ex: C-14 - 5,370 years, U-238 - 4.5 billion years & K-40 - 1.3 billing years)
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| SEDIMENTARY ROCK | A type of rock formed from layers of particles that settled to the bottom of a body of water, often containing fossils
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| FOSSIL RECORD | The history of life as determined by the relative age of fossils
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| IGNEOUS ROCK | Formed when molten material in the crust cooled and hardened. Can be dated using radioactive dating methods.
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| CORRELATION | A process by which geologists determine the relative ages of rock layers and fossils in a local region
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| INDEX FOSSILS | Fossils that permit the relative dating of rocks within a narrow time span.
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| GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE | A timetable of the earth's history constructed by geologists
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| EXTINCT | The end of a species when the last individual of that species has died
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| FROM ROCKS AND FOSSILS | Change from simple to complex, change from marine to land forms, presence of intermediate forms, presence of transitional series, & sufficient time for evolution to have occurred.
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| EVIDENCE FROM COMPARATIVE CYTOLOGY | Study of cells and their organisms (Ex: all plant cells have mitochondria & chloroplasts
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| EVIDENCE FROM COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY | Physiology, biochemistry, cytochrome c in humans & chimpanzees is same, but differs in bread mold, & insulin from sheep & pigs is same for humans.
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| PHYSIOLOGY | How organisms function
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| BIOCHEMISTRY | How chemical reactions take place (ex: enzyme test)
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| COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OR HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURE | Similar in origin & structure (Ex: arm bones of several organisms are similar)
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| ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES | Same function but different origin and structure (ex: wings of fly (has membranes) vs. bird (has bones)...Both used to fly.
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| EVIDENCE FROM IMMUNOLOGY | Antibody reactions to protein or viruses may act the same.
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| EVIDENCE FROM EMBRYOLOGY | All embryos look similar at first and then differentiate and evolve.
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| VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES | Structures that remain but have no function (ex: Coccyx - fused bone (tail))
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| SPONTANEOUS GENERATION | The idea that living things regularly arise from nonliving matter; abiogenesis
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| BIOGENESIS | The theory that living organisms only originate from other living organisms
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| HETEROTROPH HYPOTHESIS | The hypothesis that the first organic compounds were formed by natural chemical processes on the primitive earth and that the first lifelike structures developed from coacervates and were heterotrophs.
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| COACERVATES | According to the heterotroph hypothesis, an aggregate of large protein like molecules; thought to have developed into the first forms of life on the primitive earth.
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