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UND 363 Pig,min,cyto
UND 363 Pigments, minerals, cytoplasm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are pigments | Organic or inorganic compound that is insoluble with solvents, they are visible without stains |
| What are the three classifications of pigments | Artifact (chemically), Endogenous (internal), Exogenous (external) |
| Describle artifactual pigments and give 3 examples | deposited in tissue due to chemical action, formalin pigment, mercury pigment, chrome pigment) |
| how can each of the three artifactual pigments be prevented or removed | Formalin (ph under 6.0, remove with alcoholic picric acid or alkaline alcohol), Mercury (iodine folloed by sodium thiosulfate), Chrome (wash before dehydration) |
| what does formalin pigment appear as on a slide | abundant dark brown crystalline pigment (is birefringent) |
| Describe exogenous pigments | acccess to body via inhalation, ingestion, implantation. Has no physiological function (ie carbon *most common*, asbestos, tattoo pigment, metals) |
| exogenous pigment due to asbestos has what properties | dumbbell shape, birefringent, inhaled and becomes coated (will lose birefringence after coating), can be ID'd with prussian blue, digested with 40% NaOH and seen with polarization - cut at 20 micron |
| exogenous pigment carbon has what properties | black, found in lungs and LN, cannot be bleached or dissolved, aids in differentiation from other pigments |
| exogenous tattoo pigment has what properties | In skin or LN, rarely needs special ID |
| what are the three types of endogenous pigments | hematogenous (blood derived), non-hematogenous (melanin, lipofuchsin, chromaffin), endogenous minerals (Ca, Cu, uric acid and urates) |
| give common facts about endogenous pigments | produced within tissue (physiologic, or by product of normal process) |
| what are the three principal hematogenous endogenous pigments | hemoglobin, hemosiderin, and bile |
| Describe hemoglobin endogenous hematogenous pigment | in RBC's (which transport O2 and CO2), composed of protein, globin, and heme, stains with acid dyes (eosin or the okajima technique) |
| where can hemoglobin typically be found | near recent hemorage or renal tubules after excessive hemolysis and tubular casts |
| what is the life span of RBC's and what occurs after breakdonw | 120 days, breaks down into globin and heme, the heme will break again into iron and green bile (biliverdin) |
| haver heme breaks into iron and bile what happens to the iron | iron is conserved for new hemoglobin, stored in bone marrow or spleen as hemosiderin (yellow to brown pigment) if not needed |
| what is hemochromatosis and hemosiderosis | hemochromatosis - disease caused by excessive iron absorption (ie excessive hemosiderin deposits), hemosiderosis is excessive heosiderin. |
| describe endogenous hematogenous bile pigments | rbc splits to globin and heme, heme splits again into iron and bile. Bile is (biliverdin) is reduced to bilirubin in liver, bilirubin is stored in gall bladder and released into duodenum |
| what occurs with bile is obstructed | accumulation of bile and imparts yellow color in skin (jaundice) |
| describe endogenous hematogenous porphyrin pigments | natural occurr, precursor of heme, erythropoietic progophyria (enzyme defiency) causes deposits in liver, can be seen in FS bright red flourescencs, or paraffin sections with polarized light (bright red) |
| What are endogenous nonhematogenous pigments | melanin, lipofuchsin, ceroid |
| describe endogenous nonhematogenous melanin | derived from tyrosine, Id via bleaching (10% hydrogen peroxide or potassium permanganate), dissolved by strong alkali but insoluble in weak acids and bases or organic solvents |
| what causes melanin to form | dopa oxidase and enzyme in melanocytes |
| describe endogenous nonhematogenous lipofuchsin | wear and tear pigment, yellow brown pigment, occurs throughout body (liver, cardiac muscle, ovary, etc...) |
| describe endogenous nonhematogenous ceroid | yellow bron pigment in liver and phagocytes, rarely seen in humans, insoluble in alcohol, dilute acids, acetone etc... |
| what are the 4 typical endogenous nonhematogenous minerals | iron, calcium, copper, uric acid and urates |
| give facts about endogenous nonhematogenous calcium | abnormal deposits associated with tuberculosis, infarction, usually occurs as phophate or carbonate, fixes used neutral formalin, formol alcohol |
| give facts about endogenous nonhematogenous copper | essential componet of several body enzymes, 2 disorders of copper are wilsons disease and liver disease |
| give facts about endogenous nonhematogenous uric acid and urates | uric acid is created via purin breakdown and excreted by kidneys |
| where are urates deposited and hwat do they cause | deposited in tissue and joints, In "gout" large deposits of uric acid or urate crystals accumulate to form "tophi" |
| what are urates soluble in and what must be used instead | soluble in H20, must use alcoholic fixation. |
| how can urate cryostals be seen | birefringent therefore can be id'd via polarizing micro |
| give facts about endogenous nonhematogenous cytoplasmic granules | can be demonstrated via argyrophil and/or argentaffin reactions (argy'n needs reducer, whereas argent'n does not) |
| what are the four cytoplasmic granules | chromaffin granules, endocrine granules, argentaffin granules, paneth granules |
Created by:
mustangvxd
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