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9thGr-Biology-Evolut

9th Grade Biology - Evolution Vocabulary

TermDefinition
evolution change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
theory a well-supported testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world
fossil preserved remains of ancient organisms
artificial selection selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms
struggle for existence competition among members of a species for food, living space, and the other necessities of life
fitness ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment
adaptation inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival
survival of the fittest process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection
natural selection process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest
descent with modification principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time
common descent principle that all living things have a common ancestor
homologous structure structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues
vestigial organ organ that serves no useful function in an organism
gene pool combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population
relative frequency number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur
directional selection form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve
stabilizing selection form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end.
disruptive selection form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle
genetic drift random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations
founder effect change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population
genetic equilibrium situation in which allele frequencies remain constant
speciation formation of new species
reproductive isolation separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring
behavioral isolation form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreed.
geographic isolation form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water.
temporal isolation for of reproductive isolation in which two population produce
macroevolution large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time.
adaptive radiation process by which a single species or small group of species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways; rapid growth in the diversity of a group of organisms
convergent evolution process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
coevolution process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other
punctuated equilibrium pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change
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