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Stress
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Chapter 19 Vocab ES

Vocab Words

TermDefinition
Stress Forces per unit area that act on a material- compression, tension, and shear
Strain Deformation of materials in response to stress
Elastic Deformation Causes materials to bend and stretch; proportional to stress, so if the stress is reduced or returns to zero the strain or deformation is reduced or disappears
Plastic Deformation Permanent deformation caused by strain when stress exceeds a certain value.
Fault Fracure or system of fractures in Earth's crust that occcurs when stress is applied too quickly or stress is too great; can form as a result of horiontal compression, horizontal shear, or horizontal tension.
Seismic Wave The vibrations of the ground during an earthquake
Primary Wave Seismic ae that squeezes and pushes rocks in the same direction that the wave travels, known as the P-wave
Secondary Wave Seismic wave that causes rock particles to move at right angles to the direction of the wave, known as the S-wave
Focus Point of the initial fault rupture where an earthquake originates that usually lies at least several kilometers beneath Earth's surface.
Epicenter Point on Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake
Seismometer Instrument used to measure horizontal or vertical motion during an earthquake.
Seismogram Record produced by a seismometer that can proved individual tracking of each type of seismic wave
Richter Scale Numerical rating system used to measure the amount of energy released during an earthquake.
Magnitude Measure of the energy released during an earthquake, which can be described using the Richter Scale.
Amplitude The size of the seismic waves; an increase of 1 in the scale represents an increase in amplitude of a factor of 10
Moment Magnitude Scale Scale used to measure earthquake magnitude- taking into account the size of the fault rupture, the rocks' stiffness, and the amount of movement along the fault- using values that can be estimated from the size of several types of seismic waves.
Modified Mercalli Scale Measures earthquake intensity on a scale from I to XII; the higher the number, the greater the damage the earthquake has caused.
Soil Liquefaction Process associated with seismic vibrations that occur in areas of sand that is nearly saturated; resulting in the ground behaving like a liquid.
Tsunami Large, powerful ocean wave generated by the vertical motions of the seafloor during an earthquake; in shallow water, can form huge, fst-moving breakers exceeding 30m in height that can damage coastal areas.
Seismic Gap Place along an active fault that has not experienced an earthquake for a long time.
Created by: JCrafton14
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