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SPC Cardio Pulm
SPC Cardiopulmonary Physiology Units 7 & 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Kidney location: | Cephaled pole: T-12; Caudal pole: L-3; Behind peritoneal cavity, below diaphragm. |
| Adrenal Glands: | Sit on top of each kidney; secrete hormones |
| Kidney components: | Cortex, Medulla, Renal Pyramids, Papillary Ducts, Major & Minor Calyces, Renal Pelvis |
| Cortex: | Dark outer layer of the kidney |
| Medulla: | Pale inner layer which contains the renal pyramids |
| Renal Pyramids: | 8-12 in each kidney; consist of papillary ducts that extend from the cortex to the calyces. |
| Major & Minor Calyces: | Converge into the renal pelvis |
| Renal Pelvis: | Expanded upper end of each ureter |
| Nephron components: | Glomerulus, Bowman's Capsule, Proximan Convuluted Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule, Collecting Duct |
| Renal Corpuscle consists of: | Glomerulus & Bowman's Capsule |
| Types of capillary beds: | Glomerular & Peritubular |
| Glomerulus function: | Filtration of blood to form urine |
| Peritubular function: | Tubular reabsorption |
| The formation of urine involves: | Glomerular filtration, peritubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion (nephron processes) |
| Glomerular filtration BV's: | Afferent Arteriole: constrict = decreased GFR, dilate = increased GFR; Efferent Arteriole: constrict = increased GFR, dilate = decreased GFR |
| What is Active Transport & what is included? | Reabsorption from tubules into peritubular capillaries; sodium, calcium, amino acids, glucose. |
| What is secretion & what is secreted? | From peritubular capillaries into the tubules; creatinin, b.u.n. |
| Osmosis: | 80% of water reabsorption occurs in the PCT via osmosis |
| Transport Maximum: | The maximum rate of transport for a substance that is secreted or reabsorbed via active transport (Tm) |
| B.U.N. & Creatinine: | Waste products in the body & are efficiently secreted by the kidneys; elevation of either = impaired renal function. |
| A.D.H. (Anti-diuretic Hormone) | Secreted from the posterior pituitary gland; influenced by serum osmolarity; increased osmolarity triggers release which decreases urine output which results in water retention. |
| GFR normal: | 125 ml/min |
| Urine output normal: | 60 ml/hr or 1 ml/min |
| Glomerular BP normal: | 55mmHg |
| Bowman's Capsule fluid pressure normal: | -15mmHg |
| Osmotic Pressure normal: | -30mmHg |
| Net Filtration Pressure normal: | +10mmHg |
| Tm Glucose normal: | 320 mg/min |
| Tm Creatinine normal: | 16 mg/min |
| Plasma B.U.N. normal: | 8-18 mg/dl |
| Plasma Creatinine normal: | 0.6 - 1.2 mg/dl |
| Total Body Water: | Males: 60%, Females: 55%, Newborns: 75% |
| Millimole (mmol) | 1/1000 of a mole; glucose is sometimes measured in mmol/L |
| Milliequivalent (mEq) | 1/1000 of an equivalent; The amount of an ionized substance that has eletrochemical binding power equal to one mole of hydrogen ions; Electrolytes, Cations, Anions are expressed in mEq. |
| Milliosmole (mOsm) | 1/1000 of an osmole; One mole of osmotically active particles; Osmotic activity of blood & urine are expressed in mOsm; Glucose & proteins exert great osmotic influence. |
| Intracellular Cations & their normals: | K+: 150 mEq/L; Mg+: 25 mEq/L; Na+: 15 mEq/L |
| Intracellular Anions & their normals: | HPO4: 100 mEq/L; Pr: 60 mEq/L; SO4: 20 mEq/L |
| Plasma Cations & their normals: | K+: 5 mEq/L; Ca++: 5 mEq/L; Na+: 140 mEq/L |
| Plasma Anions & their normals: | CL-: 105 mEq/L; HCO3: 24 mEq/L |
| What is osmolarity: | The physiochemical property of substances in a solution which determines osmosis. |
| Serum Osmolarity normal: | 275 - 300 mOsm/L |
| Serum Osmolarity includes: | Sodium, Glucose, B.U.N., certain proteins |
| Loop Diuretics (Lasix); | Act by inhibiting tubular reabsorption of sodium, potassium, & chloride in the Loop of Henle; Fast & Powerful |
| Thiazide Diuretics: | Act by inhibiting tubular reabsorption of sodium, potassium, & chloride in the Distal Convoluted Tubule; HCO3 is reabsorbed causing Metabolic Alkalosis; Less potent than Loop Diuretics. |
| Osmotic Diuretics (Mannitol): | Large molecular substances that pass into the tubules through the glomerular membrane & are not reabsorbed; Pull a lot of fluid; Used for Tx of cerebral edema - reduce brain swelling & control seizures. |
| Aldosterone: | An adrenal hormone that increases sodium reabsorption & potassium secretion in response to: hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, & low CO |
| Henderson-Hasselbach equation: | pH = pK + Log HCO3/H2CO3 |
| What is the Anion Gap: | Used to determine if the pt's metabolic acidosis is caused by the accumulation of fixed acid, which 'eats up' HCO3, or by the direct loss of HCO3. |
| Anion Gap equation: | Na+ - (HCO3 + CL) |
| Anion Gap ranges: | Normal: 9-14 = losing HCO3; > 14 = Pt is making fixed acids |
| Causes of losing HCO3: | Kidney failure(acute or chronic), severe diarrhea |
| Causes of making fixed acids: | Lactic acidosis caused by shock or hypoxia, ketoacidosis from DKA/starvation, or aspirin O.D. |
| Poop =_____ & Puke = _____ | Bicarb & Acid |
| What is the major cation & the major anions? | Cation: Na+; Anions: HCO3- & Cl- |
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