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68C Exam 3
integumentary system, skin hygiene, skeletal system, Muscular System, Mechanics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cold (Tepid) Bath | Bath with a water temperature of 98.6 degrees |
| Warm Bath | Bath with a water temperature of 109.4 degrees |
| Hot Bath | Bath with a water temperature of 113-115 degrees |
| Canthus | Corner of the eye |
| Washing of the eye | Clean from inner to outer Canthus. |
| Chux | Waterproof Pad |
| Cerumen | Ear Wax |
| Ear Care | Never insert an object into the ear canal, including |
| Perineal Care | Allow Patient to clean self if possible, use Humility and Empathy |
| Social Practices of Hygiene | Considering family customs (such as hygiene product choices, amount of bathing, sharing bath water), age, Friends(Peer Pressure) |
| Body Image of Hygiene | Cosiderations of Physical appearance and limitations when bathing |
| Socioeconomic Status of Hygiene | Considerations of Bathing resources |
| Knowledge of Hygeine | Considerations if person has learned the conditions |
| Personal Preference of Hygiene | Individuals choice of soaps, deodarants, etc. |
| Physical Condition of Hygiene | Patient may not have energy or ability to bathe and cleanse themselves |
| Cultural Variables of Hygiene | Bathing practices vary from levels of modesty and practices. Regional or Belief Systems. |
| Pressure Ulcer - Stage I | sores are not open wounds. The skin may be painful, but it has no breaks or tears. The skin appears reddened and does not blanch (lose color briefly when you press your finger on it and then remove your finger). In a dark-skinned person, the area may appe |
| Pressure Ulcer - Stage II | the skin breaks open, wears away, or forms an ulcer, which is usually tender and painful. The sore expands into deeper layers of the skin. It can look like a scrape (abrasion), blister, or a shallow crater in the skin. Sometimes this stage looks like a bl |
| Pressure Ulcer - Stage III | the sore gets worse and extends into the tissue beneath the skin, forming a small crater. Fat may show in the sore, but not muscle, tendon, or bone. |
| Pressure Ulcer - Stage IV | the pressure sore is very deep, reaching into muscle and bone and causing extensive damage. Damage to deeper tissues, tendons, and joints may occur. |
| Pressure Ulcer Risk Factors | Bed or Chair Confinement, Inability to Move, Loss of bowel or bladder control, poor nutrition |
| Pressure Ulcer | decubitus ulcers or bedsores, occur due to pressure applied to soft tissue resulting in completely or partially obstructed blood flow to the soft tissue. antiinflammatory drugs. |
| Diaphoresis | Sweating |
| Circumorbital | Circular Area around the eye |
| Purposes of Bathing | Clean the skin, promote comfort, stimulate circulation, remove waste. |
| Oral Hygiene | Care of the Mouth, prevention of gingivitis and peridontitis |
| Hair Hygiene | Hair Care - Washing the hair, improves morale and self-image |
| Contraindications for shaving | Diabetes, Peripheral vascular disease, Chemotherapy, High Doses of Aspirin, Immuno-compromised, Electric Razor for depressed or disoriented patients |
| Influencing Factors of Bathing | Social Practices, Body Image, Socioeconomic Status, Knowledge, Personal Preference, Physical Condition, Cultural Variables. |
| Foot Hygiene | Care of the feet, soak for comfort, Assess Circulation, Diabetic Patients |
| Nail Hygiene | Care of the Nails (Hand and Foot), prevents spread of infection. Use Clippers, emery board, push cuticles back. |
| Use of Nail Clippers | Tool for Nail Hygiene - trim straight accross and even with the tip of fingers |
| Use of Emerey Board | Tool for Nail Hygiene - shapes nails, helps prevent in-grown nails. |
| Use of Orangewood stick | Tool for Nail Hygiene - Pushes cuticles back |
| Diabetic Patient Hygiene | Patient Contraindicated for nail trimming with clippers and shaving. |
| Adult Hygiene Considerations | Keep Room Warm, Drape for Modesty, Bathes too frequently, need special skin care products, specific foot care, timing of shaving |
| Medical Asepsis | Use of Clean technique, gross cleaning |
| Unconscious Patient pressure ulcer prevention | Change position every |
| Hygiene Care Types | Early Morning Care, A.M (Morning Care), Afternoon Care, Hour-of-sleep care, Linen |
| Patient Early Morning Hygienic Care | Offer bed pan/urinal, Wash Face/hands, clean and clear over bed tables, provide oral care, prepare for tests or surgery |
| Patient A.M. Morning Hygienic Care | Offer Bed Pan/Urinal, provide oral care, Bathe, Back rub, Shave and hair care, nail care, dress, straighten room |
| Patient Afternoon Hygienic Care | Care after diagnostic or spacial test, Offer bed pan/urinal, provide oral care |
| Patient (HS)Hour-of-Sleep Hygienic Care | Offer Bed pan/Urinal, wash hands/face, provide oral care, change into nightclothes, give back rub, help position patient in bed, straighten the patient's room |
| Pattient Teaching Topics | Initiated, Independence, Decreased Sensation, Skin Inspection, Perineum, Trapeze bar, washing hands, Family Members, Sunscreen, Brush teeth, rinse mouth, Carbohydrate reduction, Dry lips, Hair Care, Safety, foot care, eye care, ear care. |
| Female Parineum Hygiene | Clean area from front to back |
| Male Parineum Hygiene | Clean entire area to include retraction of the foreskin if neccessary. |
| Oral Infection Signs/Symptoms | Red Areas in Oral Cavity, Whaite Patchy Areas, Bleeding Lesions |
| Therapeutic Bath Types | Medicinal Quality, Whirlpool Bath, Starch/Oatmeal Bath, Sitz Bath, Body Soaks, Cooling Sponge Baths |
| Back Care/Rub | Promotes relaxation, Relieves Muscle Tissue, Stimulates circulation, Communicates caring, Fosters trust, Assess the back |
| Sitz Bath | Moist heat to the perineal/ anal area, promotes healing, relieves pain |
| Body Soaks | Cleanse open wounds, apply medicated solutions |
| Cooling Sponge Bath | use tepid water, 98.6 degrees, brings down fever, need an order to appy |
| Whirlpool bath | heat of the water, agitation action, massages the skin |
| Starch or Oatmeal baths | used with bath oil, patient with severe dermatitis, skin is patted dry so serve, ending are not stimulated. |
| Treatment of Pressure Ulcers | Surgical asepsis, Appropriate dressing Debridement, Assessment & documentation, Clean with NS, Assess for allergies, Hydrocolloid dressings if uninfected, Proper irrigation, Wet-to-damp dressing |
| Nursing Interventions for Prevention | Skin observation, Change position,Heels off bed, Avoid position on trochanter, Trapeze or lift sheet, Pressure-reducing devices, Move in chair, Massage outside red area,Clean incontinent pts, Proper fitting devices, Avoid burns, Good techniques, Adequate |
| Nursing Diagnoses | Self-care deficit r/t bathing/hygiene, Self-care deficit r/t grooming, Impaired physical mobility, Risk for impaired skin integrity, Sensory/perceptual alteration, Altered nutrition, less than body requirements, Impaired tissue integrity |
| Bone Types | Long, short, Flat, Irregular |
| Diaphysis | Shaft of the long bone |
| True Ribs | Vertebrosternal - 7 pairs directly anterior of the clavicle. Costal cartilages of each rib join directly to the sternum. |
| Number of ribs | Thoracic Cage, 24, 12 pairs True 1-7 False 8-10 Floating 11-12 |
| False Ribs | Anterior Ribs, Pairs 8-12, cartilges of the upper three false ribs (vertebrochondral) join the chartilages of the 7th rib. |
| Floating Ribs | Most Anterior pairs, 11 and 12, No Cartilaginous attachment to the sternum,.Bears a shaft, a head, and tubercules which articulate with the vertebrae |
| Endochondral Bones | 95% of bones made from hyline cartilage. |
| Number of bones in skull | 22 (8 Cranial, 14 facial bones) |
| Thoreeacic Cage | Supports the pectoral girdle and upper limbs, protects visceral organs ans plays a role in breathing |
| Sternum | Flat elongated bone, located in anterior portion of thoracic cage. |
| Sternum delopment parts | Manibrium, Corpus Sternum, Xiphoid Process |
| total number of vertebrae | 26 |
| Corpus Sternum | Middle Portion of Sernum |
| Manubrium | Top Portion of sternum. Articulates with the clavicles by facets on its superior border |
| Xiphoid Process | Bottom portion of sternum |
| Pectoral Girdle | Composed of 2 clavicles, 2 scapulae, incomplete ring that supports the upper limbs and provides attachment for several muscles that move. |
| Clavicle Location | Horizontally located between the manubrium and the scapulae, Superior Posterior part of appendicular skeleton |
| Clavicle Function | Holds shoulders in place and provides attachments for the muscles of the upper limbs, chest and back. |
| Scapulae | Broad Triangular bones, superior,anterior portion of pectoral girdle, included in Appendicular Skeleton |
| Parts of Scapulae | Acromion Process, Coracoid Proiccess, Glenoid Cavity |
| Upper limb | Provides framework of arm, wrist, and hand. Provides attachments for muscles and functions as levers that move the limb and its parts |
| Humerus Location | Extends from the glenoid cavity of the scapula of the elbow |
| Humerus size | 2nd largest bone in the body |
| Humerous movement | Articulates with the radius ans ulna at the elbow |
| Radius | Extends from the elbow to the wrist, and crosses over the ulna when the hand is turned so that the palm faces backward |
| Radius Movement | Articulates with the humerous, ulna, and wrist |
| Ulna Movement | Distal end articulates with radius laterally and with a disk of fibrocartilage inferiorly. Proximal end articulates with the humerus |
| Ulna | Bone that overlaps the end of the humerus posteriorly |
| Amount of hand bones | 8 Carpals 5 metacarpals 5 sets of phalanges |
| Synarthroses | Immovable Joint |
| Amphiarthroses | Slightly movable Joint |
| Diarthroses | Freely Movable joint |
| Fibrous | connections between bones that are held together by fibrous connective tissue that includes many collagen fibres. |
| Cartilaginous | connections between bones that are held tightly together by cartilage - specifically either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. |
| Synovial Joint | Most common joints in body have a synovial cavity between the articulating bones. This cavity is filled with synovial fluid that reduces friction at the joint, enabling the articulating bones to move freely. |
| Synovial Membrane vs. Bursa Sac | secretes synovial fluid that lubricates the joints vs. fluid filled sac often located between the skin and underlying bony prominences. |
| Apocrine gland | -- type of gland whose secretions contain parts of secretory cells. |
| Arrector pili muscle | smooth muscle in skin associated with a hair follicle |
| Basement membrane | layer of extracellular matrix that anchors epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue. |
| Collagen | protein in connective tissue and in bone matrix |
| Cutaneous | pertaining to the skin. |
| Dermis | thick layer of the skin beneath the epidermis |
| Eccrine | sweat gland that maintains body temperature |
| Epidermis | outer stratified squamous epithelial layer of the skin |
| Hair follicle | tubelike depression in the skin in which a hair develops |
| Integumentary system | – the skin and accessory organs |
| Keratin | protein in epidermis, hair and nails. |
| Keratinization | process by which cells form fibrils of keratin protein and harden |
| Melanin | dark pigment normally found in skin and hair |
| Melanocytes | melanin-producing cell |
| Sebaceous gland | skin gland that secretes sebum |
| Subcutaneous | beneath the skin |
| Sweat (sudoriferous) gland | exocrine gland in skin that secretes a mixture of water, salt, urea and other bodily wastes. |
| Actin | contractile protein found in the THIN myofilaments of skeletal muscle? |
| All or None response | reaction of a muscle fiber to contract fully or not at all? |
| Antagonists | muscles that have opposing actions |
| Aponeuroses | broad fibrous sheets of connective tissue |
| Atrophy | wasting away of tissue; decrease in size of a part |
| Bursa | a synovial fluid filled sac located between some tendons and bones, making movement easier |
| Hypertrophy | increase in size, structure, or function |
| Isometric | type of muscle contraction in which muscle does not shorten and no movement is produced |
| Isotonic | type of muscle contraction in which the muscle length changes, producing movement of a joint |
| Prime Mover | main muscle responsible for producing a particular movement |
| Sarcomere | basic functional or contractile unit of skeletal muscle |
| Synergists | muscles that assist the prime mover with movement |
| Tenosynovitis | inflammation of the tendon sheath |
| skeletal, cardiac, smooth | three types of muscle tissue |
| cardiac muscle | muscle tissue only found in the heart |
| intercalated disks | unique dark bands found in cardiac muscle tissue |
| smooth muscle tissue | involuntary tissue, lines hollow organs, single nucleus, no striations |
| skeletal muscle tissue | striated, voluntary, multiple nuclei, makes up 40-50% of body weight |
| origin, insertion, body | 3 parts of skeletal muscle |
| origin | part of skeletal muscle that attaches to the bone and remains relatively stationary |
| insertion (point of insertion) | part of skeletal muscle that is the point of attachment to the bone that moves when a muscle contracts |
| body (Muscle) | main part of the muscle |
| bursae | small synovial-lined sacs fluid between some tendons and underlying bones |
| tendons | structure that connects muscle to bone |
| ligaments | structure that connects bone to bone |
| movement, posture/muscle tone, heat production | 3 primary functions of skeletal muscle |
| prime mover | muscle whose contraction is mainly responsible for producing a given movement |
| synergist | muscle whose contractions help the prime mover prodcue a given movement |
| antagonist | muscle whose actions oppose the action of a prime mover in any given moment |
| tonic contraction | this produces no movement of body parts, only a few of a muscle's fibers shorten at one time, maintain muscle tone called posture |
| ATP | repeated muscular contraction depletes cellular ______ stores and outstrips the ability of the blood supply to replenish O2 and nutrients |
| oxygen debt | term used to describe the metabolic effort required to burn excess lactic acid that may accumulate during prolonged periods of exercise |
| motor neuron | specialized nerve that transmits an impluse to a muscle, causing contraction |
| neuromuscular junction | ecialized point of contact between a nerve ending and the muscle fiber it innervates |
| threshold stimulus | the minimal level of stimulation required to cause a muscle fiber to contract |
| all or none | once stimulated by a threshold stimulus, a muscle fiber will contract completely, this is a response called |
| true or false: different muscle fibers in a muscle are controlled by different motor units having different threshold-stimulus levels | true |
| twitch (Contractions) | contractions are quick, jerky movements and do not play a significant role in normal muscular activity |
| tetanic (Contractions) | contractions are sustained and steady muscular contractions caused by a series of stimuli bombarding a muscle in rapid succession |
| mastication | Muscle contractions that produce chewing movements |
| orbicularis oris | facial muscle that allows you to pucker the lips |
| orbicularis oculi | facial muscle surrounding the eye |
| frontal muscle | facial muscle that allows you to raise your eyebows and frown |
| zygomaticus | facial muscle that elevates the corners of the mouth and lips |
| masseter | facial muscle that elevates the mandible |
| temporal | facial muscle that assists masseter to close jaw |
| sternocleidomastoid | cervical muscle that flexes to move head |
| trapezius | elevates shoulder and extends head |
| latissimus dorsi | extends the upper arm |
| pectoralis major | flexes upper arm |
| deltoid | abducts the upper arm |
| biceps brachii | flexes the forearm |
| triceps brachii | extends the forearm |
| intercostal and diaphragm | respiratory muscles |
| abdominal muscles | abdominal muscles |
| quadricepts femoris group | rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius |
| dermis | The thick inner layer of the skin composed mainly of fibrous connective tissue. |
| Sebaceous Gland | Skin gland that secretes sebum (oil) |
| Pseudostratified Tissue | Single layer of tall cells that wedge together to appear as if there are two are more layers. |
| Where can you find pseudostratified tissue? | Surface lining on the trachea |
| What is the function of pseudostratified tissue? | Protection |
| Fibroblasts | Type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen.The most common type of connective tissues. |
| Neuron | A nerve cell. |
| Mitosis | Division of a somatic cell nucleus in the process of forming two genetically identical cells. |
| Diffusion | Movement of carbon dioxide out of all cells. |
| Cutaneous | pertaining to the skin. |
| Piloerection | goosebumps or chicken skin |
| Healing of an Epidermal Wound | Shallow break in skin which results in rapid mytosis. |
| Stratified Transitional Tissue | Many layers of varying transitional shapes capable of stretching. |
| Adipose tissue helps conserve_____and to store____. | heat and to store energy |
| Collagenous Cells | Thick threads of protien collagen grouped in long parallel bundles. Flexible but only elastic. Provides great tensile strength. |
| Where can you find Stratified Transitional Tissue? | In the urinary bladder. |
| Filtration | Movement of small molecules through a membrane by a hydrostatic pressure while large molecules are restricted. |
| Inflammation | Dilation of blood vessels in affected tissues.Skin is reddened, swollen, and painful to touch. |
| Organic molecule that stores and releases energy which may be used in cellular processes. | Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
| Single layer of tall narrow cells. | Simple Columnar Tissue |
| Process by which cells form fibrils of Keratin and harden. | Keratinization |
| Respond to an elevated body temperature, environmental heat or physical exercise.Common on the forehead, neck, and back. | Eccrine Glands |
| Covers body surfaces & organs. Forms inner lining of body cavities & lines hollow organs.Lacks blood vessels. Cells are tightly packed. | Epitheal Tissue |
| A process in which a cell directs the contents of secretory vessicles out of the cell membrane. Ex: hormones | Exocytosis |
| Process by which a cell engulfs and digests solids. (literally cell eating) | Phagocytosis |
| The visible part of hair is called what? | shaft |
| Process by which a cell engulfs droplets of fluid from its surroundings.(cell drinking) | Pinocytosis |
| Layer of extracellular matrix that anchors epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissues. | basement Membrane |
| The skin and accessory organs. | Integumentary System |
| Which gland is responsible for sweat? | Sudoriferous gland |
| Composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue; lies beneath the dermis. | Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis) |
| Cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids. | Glandular Tissue |
| Smooth muscle in skin associated with a hair follicle. | Arector Pili Muscle |
| Microscopic hairlike processes on the exposed surfaces of certain epithelial cells. | Cilia |
| chondrocyte | Cartilage cell |
| Melanin producing cell. | Melanocytes |
| Tubelike depression in the skin in which a hair develops. | Hair Follicle |
| Disintrigation of a cell. | Lyse |
| Outer epithelial layer of the skin. | Epidermis |
| ankyl/o | crooked, bent, or stiff |
| arth/o | joint |
| chondr/o | cartilage |
| cost/o | rib |
| desis | surgical fixation of bone or joint |
| crani/o | skull |
| kyph/o | hump |
| lord/o | bent backward |
| lysis | loosening or setting free, breaking down or destruction and may indicate either a pathologic state or a therapeutic procedure |
| myel/o | bone marrow or spinal cord |
| oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o | act as the framework for the body, protect the internal organs, and store the mineral calcium |
| poietic | pertaining to formation |
| scoli/o | curved |
| spondyl/o | vertebrate (pre) |
| bursitis | is an inflammation of a bursa that is typically caused by repetitive movements |
| callus | a thickening of part of the skin on the hands or feet caused by repeated rubbing; the bulging deposit that forms around the area of the back in a fractured bone |
| crepitus | is the crackling sensation that is felt and heard when the ends of a broken bone move together |
| fontanel | on a baby's head, known as the soft spot |
| kyphosis | abnormal increase in the outward curuature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side; also known as humpback or dowager's hump |
| osteoarthritis | form of arthritis commonly associated with aging; also known as wear |
| rheumatoid arthritis | also known as RA,is an autoimmune disorder |
| orthopedist | orthopedic surgeon |
| rickets | bone disorder caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiencies in early childhood |
| sacroiliac | is the slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and the ilium |
| subluxation | partial displacement of a bone from its joint |
| vertebral column consists of 26 | Amount vertebrae |
| 5 major functions of the skeletal system | support, movement, protection, storage, hematopoiesis(blood cell formation) |
| 4 major classifications of bone, according to overall structure | Short, Flat, Irregular, and Long. Some also recognize Sesamoid(round) as a 5th category |
| diaphysis | the shaft; the hollow tube of hard compact bone |
| medullary cavity | hollow area inside diaphysis that contains yellow marrow |
| epiphyses | ends of the bone; spongy bone that contains red bone marrow |
| articular cartilage | covers epiphyses and functions as a cushion |
| periosteum | strong membrane convering bone everywhere except at joint surfaces |
| endosteum | lines medullary cavity |
| two major types of connective tissue in the skeletal system | bone and cartilage |
| bone cells | osteocytes |
| cartilage cells | chondrocytes |
| bone-forming cells | osteoblasts |
| bone-resorbing cells | osteoclasts |
| the human skeleton has two divisions. what are they? | Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton |
| hat bones are in the Axial skeleton? How many? | skull, cranium, ear bones, face, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hyoid bone. 80 bones. |
| what bones are in the Appendicular skeleton? How many? | 8 bones. sphenoid, temporal(x2), ethmoid, parietal(x2), occipital, frontal. *(STEPOF)* |
| How many bones form the face? What are they? | 14 bones. maxilla (2), nasal(x2), zygomatic(x2), lacrimal(x2), palatine(x2), inferior nasal concha(x2), vomer, mandible. *(My Zoro Likes Punching My Very Nose In) |
| How many ear bones are there? What are they? | 6 bones. malleus(x2), incus(x2), stapes(x2) |
| how many bones are in the spine(vertebral column)? What are they? | 26 bones. cervical(x7), thoracic(x12), lumbar(x5), sacrum, coccyx. |
| how many pairs of ribs are there? what are they? | 12 pairs. 1-7 pairs are True Ribs, 8,9,10 pairs are False Ribs, 11,12 are Floating ribs |
| what are sinuses? | spaces or cavities within some of the cranial bones |
| what are paranasal sinuses? | sinuses that have openings into the nose |
| what are sutures? | immovable joints |
| what are the three major types of joints? | synarthroses/no movement(FIBROUS); amphiarthroses/slight movement(CARTILAGINOUS); diarthroses/free movement (SYNOVIAL) |
| what are ligaments? | cords or bands made of the same strong fibrous ocnnective tissue as the joint capsule that lash two bones together |
| how many bones are in one hand? | 27 bones. 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges |
| how many bones are in one foot? | 26 bones. 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges |
| what are the different types of diarthrotic joints? | ball and socket, hinge, pivot, saddle, pivot, gliding, condyloid |
| what does the synovial membrane do? | it lines joint capsules and secretes a lubricating fluid (synovial fluid) |
| How do intramembranous bones originate? | they originate between sheetlike layers of connective tissue |
| how do endochondral bones form? | they begin as masses of cartilage that bone tissue later replaces. |
| The movement that results in your arm moving in a complete circle | circumduction |
| Palm facing down | Pronation |
| Palm facing up | Supination |
| Toes pointed. (Ballerina toes) | Plantar flexion |
| Moving a part away from the midline | abduction |
| Moving a part toward the midline | Adduction |
| Turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially | inversion |
| Turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally | everesion |
| Extension of the parts at a joint beyond the anatomical position | hyperextension |
| Movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin | dorsiflexion |
| Raises corner of the mouth | zygomaticus |
| closes eye | orbicularis oculi |
| closes and protrudes lips | orbicularis oris |
| elevates mandible | masseter |
| Pulls head to one side, pulls head toward chest, or raises sternum | sternocleidomastoid |
| Flexes forearm at elbow and rotates hand laterally | biceps brachii |
| extends forearm at elbow | triceps brachii |
| Hair Follicle | tube-like depression in the skin in which a hair develops |
| Process by which older cells from fibrils of keratin protein harden | kerinization |
| melanin-producing cell | melanocytes |
| Normal movement that any joint is capable of making | Range of motion |
| Dizzines | Vertigo |
| Dense bone | Compact bone |
| Conduction | Movement of body heat into the molecules of cooler objects in contact with the body surface |
| Sweat Gland that maintains body temperature | Eccrine Gland |
| The thick layer of the skin beneath the epidermis | Dermis |
| Gland the skin that secretes sebum | Sebaceous Gland |
| Purposeless Movement | Twitch |
| The deepest Layer of the Epidermis in which the cells Divide, Stratum Basale | Stratum Germinativum |
| Beneath the skin | Subcutaneous |
| The transmission of the heat from one substance to another through the circulation of heated air particles | Convection |
| Changing a liquid into a gas | Evaporation |
| Melanin-Producing Cell | Melanocyte |
| Dark Pigment found in skin and hair | Melanin |
| A pouchlike depression or cavity | Follicle |
| Mainly composed of fat, this Loose layer is directly Beneath the dermis; Subcutaneous | Hypodermis |
| Mucosa | Mucous Membrane |
| Oily Secretion of the Sebaceous Glands | Sebum |
| Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body | Serous Membrane |
| Outer Horny Layer of the Epidermis | Stratum Corneum |
| A form of energy that includes visible light, ultraviolet light, and X rays; the means by which body heat is lost in the form of infrared rays | Radiation |
| Membrane that forms the inner lining of the capsule of a freely movable joint | synovial membrane |
| A heat moves form of radiaition energy, with wavelengths longer than visible light, by which heat moves from warmer surfaces to cooler surroundings | Infrared Ray |
| Pertaining to the skin | Cutaneaous |
| A limb; an arm or leg | Extremity |
| Outer Epithelial layer of the skin | Epidermis |
| Tubelike Depression in the skin which a hair develops | Hair Follicle |
| Bluish skin coloration due to decreased blood oxygen concentration | Cyanosis |
| Smooth muscle in the skin associated with a hair follicle | Arrector Pili Muscle |
| A tissue response to streaa that is characterized by dilation of blood vessels and an accumulation of fluid in the affected region | Inflammation |
| Twitch | A Brief muscular Contraction followed by relaxation |
| Protien that blocks muscle contraction until calcium ions are present | Tropomyosin |
| A gradual increase in contractile strength of a muscle in response to repeated stimuli of the same intensity | Staircase effect |
| End of a muscle that is attached to a relatively immovable part | Origin |
| The outer Sheath of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle | Epimysium |
| A recording of a muscular contraction | Myogram |
| A portion of the respiratory control center in the medulla | Rhythmicity Area |
| The cytoplasm within a muscle fiber | Sarcoplasm |
| The amount of oxygen that must be supplied following physical exercise to convert accumulated lactic acid to gluclose | Oxygen Debt |
| A mass of merging cells | Syncytium |
| Increase in number of motor units activated as intensity of stimulation increases | Recruitment |
| slow-contracting postural muscles that contain abundant myoglobin | Red Muscle |
| Phenomenon in which the dgree of change in membrane potential is directly proportional to the intensity of stimulation | Summation |
| level of potential at which an action potential or nerve impulse is produced | Threshold Potential |
| A muscle biochemical that stores energy | Creatine Phosphate |
| A sustained muscle contraction of increasing strength in response to input from many motor units | Multiple motor unit summation |
| Membranous network of channels and tubules within a muscle fiber, corresponding to the endoplasmic reticulum of other cells | Sarcoplasmic Reticulum |
| The forearm | Antebrachium |
| Enzyme that causes ATP Molecules to release the energy stored in the terminal bonds | Atpase |
| A protien comprising only 0.002% of the total protein in skeletal muscle that supports the cell membrane. its absence causes muscular dystrophy | Dystrophin |
| A sheetlike tendon by which certain muscles are attached ot other parts | Aponeurosis |
| Muscular contraction in which the muscle shortens | isotonic contraction |
| Time between the application of a stimulus and the beginning of a response in a muscle fiber | Latent Pariod |
| A neuron that transmits impulses from the central nervous system to an effector | Motor Neuron |
| Sheath of connective tissue that encloses a bundle of striaited muscle fibers | Perimysium |
| Time period following stimulation during which a neuron or muscle fiber will not respond to a stimulus | Refractory Period |
| Muscles contract when the thin (Actin) and thick (Myosin) filaments move past each other shortening the skeletal muscle cells | Sliding Filament Theory |
| A wasting away or decrease in size of an organ or tissue | Atrophy |
| A narrow band of tendinous connective tissue in the midline of the anterior abdominal wall | Linea Alba |
| Impulse that travels along the sarcolemma to the transverse tubules | Muscle impulse |
| Rhythmic waves of muscular contraction inthe walls of certian tubular organs | Peristalsis |
| A narrow extracellular space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons | Synaptic Cleft |
| A cordlike or bandlike mass of white fibrous connective tissue that connect a muscle to a bone | tendon |
| Membranous channel that extends inward from a muscle fiber membrane and passes through the fiber | Transverse Tubule |
| protien that functions with tropomyosin to block muscle contraction until calcium ioins are present | Troponin |
| Fast-Contracting Skeletal Muscle | White Muscle |
| The Sheath of connective tissue surrounding each skeletal muscle fiber | Endomysium |
| Uncoordinated contraction of muscle fibers | Fibrillation |
| A protien in a muscle fiber that, together with myosin, is responsible for contraction and relaxation | Actin |
| Contractile fibers within muscle cells | Myofibril |
| The contraction of some fibers in skeletal muscle at any given time | Muscle Tone |
| Chemical secreted by the end of an axon that stimulates a muscle fiber to contract or a neuron to fire an impulse | Neurotransmitter |
| Loss of ability to control voluntary muscular movements usually due to disorder of the nervous system | Paralysis |
| The cell Membrane of a muscle fiber | Sarcolemma |
| Site of union between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber | Myoneural Junction |
| A circular muscle that closes an opening or the lumen of a tubular structure | Sphincter |
| A muscle that acts in opposition to a prime mover | Antagonist |
| A muscle that is mainly responsible for a particular body movement | Prime Mover |
| A muscle that assits the action of a prime mover | Synergist |
| A pigmented compound in muscle tissue that stores oxygen | Myoglobin |
| A sheet of fibrous connective tissue that encloses a muscle | Fascia |
| A type of neurotransmitter, which is a biochemical secreted at the axon ends of many neurons. It transmits nerve impulses across synapses | Acetylcholine |
| A change in the environmental conditions that is followed by a response by an organism or cell (PL., Stimuli) | Stimulus |
| A protien that, together with actin, produces muscular contraction and relaxation | Myosin |
| The end of a muscle attached to a movable part | Insertion |
| Membranous Boundary between adjacent cardiac muscle cells | Intercalated Disk |
| Specialized portion of a muscle fiber membrane at a neuromuscular junction | motor end plate |
| Point of contact between a nerve and muscle cell | Neuromuscular Junction |
| A space occupied by a group of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves that is enclosed by fasciae | Compartment |
| Phenomenon in which a muscle a fiber completely contracts when it is exposed to s stimulus of threshold strength | All-or-None Response |
| A muscular contraction in which the muscle does not shorten | Isometric Contraction |
| A motor neuron and the muscle fibers associated with it | Motor Unit |
| A continuous, forceful muscular contraction (Tetanic Contraction) without relaxation | Tetanus |
| Chewing Movements | Mastication |
| The level of stimulation that must be exceeded to ellicit a nerve impulse or a muscle contraction | Threshold Stimulus |
| The structural and functional unit of a myofibril | Sarcomere |
| A pulley-shaped strucuture | Trochles |
| A layer of fibrocartilage located between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae | Intervertebral disk |
| Dense tissue in which cells are arranged in haversian systems with no apparent spaces | Compact bone |
| A depression in a bone or other part | Fossa |
| Abnormal Lateral curvature of the vertebral column | Scoliosis |
| Pertaining to the hip | Coxal |
| Portion of the skeleton that provides support and attachment for the arms | Pectoral Girdle |
| A round bone in tendons adjacent to joints | Sesamoid Bone |
| Large Enough to be seen with the unaided eye | Macroscopice |
| An abnormally increased convex curvature in the thoracic portion of the vertebral column | Kyphosis |
| Changing in shape of the fetal skull during birth | Molding |
| Bone that begins as hyaline cartilage that is subsequently replaced by bone tissue | Endochondronal Bone |
| A condition in which bones break easily because calcium is removed from them faster than it is replaced | Osteoporosis |
| Pertaining to the five fused (Pelvic) Vertebrae at the distal end of the spinal column | Sacral |
| The superior appendage consisting of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand | Upper Linm |
| The shaft of a long bone | Diaphysis |
| A transvers channel that connects Haversian Canals within compact bone | Volkmann's Canal |
| Pertaining to the lower, back portion of the head | Occipital |
| A mature bone cell | Osteocyte |
| A tiny pit or depression | Fovea |
| Decomposition of a structure as a result of physiiological activity | Resorption |
| Pigment of red blood cells responsible for the transport pf oxygen | Hemoglobin |
| One of the bones of coxal bone or hipbone | Ilium |
| Bones of the wrist | Carpals |
| Fat Storage tissue found in the cavities within certian bones | Yellow Marrow |
| Cartilaginous layer within the epiphysis of a long bone that grows | Epiphyseal disk |
| A cell that erodes bone | osteoclast |
| A broad process on a bone | Trochanter |
| Bone Tissue with a latticework structure; Spongy Bone | Cancellous Bone |
| A Ridgelike Projection of a bone | Crest |
| The production of blood and blood cells; hematopiesis | Hemopoiesis |
| Connective tissue that occupies the spaces within bones and includes stem cells | Marrow |
| Bones of the foot between the ankle and toe bones | Metatarsals |
| Hyaline Cartilage that covers the ends of bones in synovial joints | Articular Cartilage |
| Pertaining to the wall of an organ cavity | Parietal |
| The end of a long bone | Epiphysis |
| Opening inthe occipital bone of the skull through which the spinal cord passes | Foramen Magnum |
| The Wrist; the wrist bones as a group | Carpus |
| A rounded process of a bone usually at the articular end | Condyle |
| Bone that forms from the membranelike layers of primitive connective tissue | Intramembranous Bone |
| A projection of a bone located above a Condyle | Epicondyle |
| A Hormone released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that promotes the growth of the organism; GH or SOMATOTROPIN | Growth Hormone |
| Bones of the Hand Between the Wrist and Finger Bones | Metacarpals |
| Extra Fingers or Toes | Polydactyly |
| A break in a bone | Fracture |
| A Passageway or channel, or the external openiong of such a passageway | Meatus |
| An abnormally increased concave curvature in the lumbar portion of the vertebral column | Lordosis |
| Deposition of Calcium Salts in a tissue | Calcification |
| A simple mechanical device consisting of a rod, fulcrum, weigth, and a source of energy that is applied to some point on the rod | Lever |
| An instrument used to measure the density of bone tissue | Densitometer |
| Flat or Platelike | Squamous |
| Bone that consists of bars and plates separated by irregular spaces; cancellous bone | Spongy Bone |
| A small, flattened surface of a bone | Facet |
| Below the Maxilla | Submaxillary |
| Covering of fibrous connective tissue on the surface of a bone | Periosteum |
| An immovable joint, such as that between flat bones of the skull | Suture |
| Branching Bony Plate that separates irregular spaces within Spongy Bone | Trabecula |
| A small, rounded process on a bone | Tubercle |
| Portion of the skeleton that supports and protects the organs of the head, neck, and trunk | Axial Skeleton |
| A bone-forming cell | Osteoblast |
| An elevation or protuberance on a bone | Tuberosity |
| Portion of the skeleton to which the legs are attached | Pelvic Girdle |
| A deficiency of thyroid hormones in an adult | Myxedema |
| An opening, usually in a bone or membrane (PL., Foramina) | Foramen |
| Inferior Appendage Consisting of the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot | Lower Limb |
| The production of blood and blood cells. Synonomous with Hemopoiesis | Hematopoiesis |
| Cavity within the Diaphysis of a long bone containing marrow | Medullary Cavity |
| The formation of bone tissue | Ossification |
| Tissue Lining the Medullary Cavity within a bone | Endosteum |
| Bony ring formed by the sacrum a coxal bones | Pelvis |
| Membranous region between certain cranial bones in the skull of a fetus or infant | Fontanel |
| A bone of a finger or toe (PL., Phalanges) | Phalanx |
| Blood Cell - Forming tissue in spaces within bones | Red Marrow |
| CORRECT USE OF THE BODY TO LIFT OR MOVE HEAVY OBJECTS OR PATIENTS. | BODY MECHANICS |
| The study of equipment design to make workplace equipment more comfortable for people so that they are more efficient in their work environment. EX. USE OF MECHANICAL LIFT | ERGONOMICS |
| THE FOUNDATION ON WHICH THE BODY RESTS OR THE PORTION OF THE BODY IN CONTACT WITH THE FLOOR. | BASE OF SUPPORT |
| THE MOST STABLE SUPPORT IS: | WIDE BASE |
| WHAT ARE 4 RISK FACTORS FOR WORKER INJURY | 1. REPETITIVE MOTIONS 2. FIXED/AWKWARD POSITION 3. FORCEFUL HAND EXERTIONS 4. UNASSITED HEAVY LIFTING |
| IT'S BETTER TO PUSH THAN PULL. T OR F | True - Push |
| TRANSFER ACROSS THE | SHORTEST DISTANCE |
| ORES OR ULCERS THAT FORM ON THE SKIN OVER A BONY PROMINENCE AS A RESULT OF PRESSURE. | PRESSURE SORES |
| RUBBING THE SKIN AGAINST BED LINEN. | FRICTION |
| SKIN DAMAGE CAUSED BY STRETCHING A PATIENTS SKIN BETWEEN THE BONE INSIDE AND THE SHEET OUTSIDE. | SHEARING |
| TO AVOID FRICTION AND SHEARING USE_________ | DRAW LIFTING OR TURNING SHEETS |
| IF THE PATIENT CAN NOT ASSIST YOU IN A MOVE, POSITION THE PATIENT_________ | LIE STILL WITH HANDS AND ARMS CROSSED OVER CHEST |
| GOOD BODY MECHANICS FOR PATIENT: KEEP PATIENT IN GOOD POSTURE, LIFT PATIENT NOT DRAG. T OR F | TRUE Posture and Actually lifting are important |
| TO REDUCE SORES CHANGE PATIENTS POSITION EVERY | 2 HRS |
| A HEAVY CANVAS BELT USED TO ASSIST THE PATIENT WITH MOVING, WALKING, AMBULATION. | GAIT BELT |
| A SLING OR CRANE-LIKE DEVICE USED TO MOVE A PATIENT THAT CAN NOT ASSIST. | MECHANICAL HYDRAULIC LIFT |
| NAME SOME CONTRAIDICATIONS FOR USE OF THE TRANSFER BELT | PREGNANCY, COLOSTOMY, GASTROSTOMY, INCISION, CARDIAC/RESPIRATORY DISEASES, FRACTURED RIBS. |
| LYING ON BACK; FACE UP | SUPINE POSITION |
| SUPINE POSITION | THIS POSITION MAY BE USED FOR SLEEPING |
| LYING ON ABDOMEN WITH HEAD TURNED TO ONE SIDE. | PRONE POSITION |
| LYING ON THE LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE. | LATERAL POSITION |
| SEMI-SITTING POSITION IN BED. | SEMI-SITTING FOWLER'S POSITION |
| SEMI-SITTING FOWLER'S POSITION | THIS POSITION IS USED FOR TUBE FEEDINGS OR TROUBLE BREATHING. |
| SITTING UP COMPLETELY. THIS POSITION IS USED FOR FEEDING. | HIGH-FOWLER'S POSITION |
| A SIDE LYING POSITION IN WHICH THE PATIENT IS PLACED ON THE LEFT SIDE WITH THE RIGHT LEG FLEXED AND BENT. THIS IS USED FOR RECTAL EXAMINATIONS. | M'S POSITION |
| POSITION IN WHICH HEAD IS FLAT AND FEET ARE ELEVATED ABOVE THE HEART. THIS POSITION IS FOR SHOCK PATIENTS, TRAUMA ETC. GET'S BLOOD TO HEAD. | TRENDELENBURG |
| abduction | movement of an extremity away from the midline of the body. |
| adduction | movement of an extremity toward the midline of the body. |
| alignment | relationship of various body parts to one another. |
| how many inches apart should your base of support be? | 16-18 inches |
| body mechanics | physiologic study of the muscular actions and the funciotns of muscles in maintaining posture of the body. |
| contractures | abnormal, usually permanent condition of a joint characterized by flexion and fixation and caused by atrophy. |
| dorsal position (supine) | lying horizontal on the back |
| dorsal recumbent | supine position with patient lying on back, head and shoulders with extremities moderately flexed and legs extended. |
| dorsiflexion | bending or flexing backward, as in upward bending of the fingers, wrists, feet, toes. |
| extension | movement of joint that increases the angle between two adjoining bones. |
| flexion | movement of certain joints that decreases the angle between two adjoining bones |
| fowler's position | a position arranged by elevating the head of the bed 45-60 degrees. |
| high fowler's position | position arragned by elevating the head of the bed 60-90 degrees. |
| genupectoral (knee to chest) | patient kneels so weight of body is supported by knees and chest |
| hyperextension | extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit |
| immobility | inability to move around freely, caused by and condition in which movement is impaired or therapeutically restricted. |
| joint | any one of the conections between bones |
| lateral position | when patient is resting on his/her side. |
| lithotomy | patient lying supine with hips and knees flexed and the thighs abducted and rotated externally. |
| logroll | technique used to turn a a patient in bed as a single unit while maintaining straight body alignment. |
| mobility | the ability to move in ones environment with ease and without restriction |
| necrosis | local death of tissue from disease or injury |
| orthopnea | the ability to breathe only in the upright position |
| orthopneic | pertains to the posture assumed by the patient sitting up in bed at a 90 degree angle (or beyond, tripod position) |
| pivot | turn or change of direction with your feet while remaining in a fixed place |
| pressure ulcer | an ulcer that forms from a local interference with circulation |
| pronation | palm of the hand turned down |
| prone position | when the patient is lying face down |
| range of motion (ROM) | normal movement that any given joint is capable of making. Any body action involving the muscles joint and natural directional movement. |
| semi-fowlers position | position arranged by elevating the head of the bed 30-45 degrees and raising the knees up to 15 degrees. |
| shearing force | an applied force that causes a downward and forward pressure on the tissues beneath the skin (usually causes skin tearing in older patients) |
| sims position | side-lying position in which the weight is distributed over the anterior ilium, humerus and clavicle. (usually on left side for most procedures) |
| supination | the act of turning the palm of the hand forward or upward |
| supine position | resting on back |
| trendelenburg | a position in which the patient is l ying supine with the head lower than the body with the body and legs elevated and on an incline. |
| What is the max weight a lpn should lift? | 35% of own body weight |
| what are the patient assistance factors in patient movement? | the patients ability to assist, activity level, weight, medical equipment, pain, surgical sites, medical diagnosis, and complications of immobility |
| what are the body mechanic principles in patient movement? | maintain alignment, get help if needed, use leg muscles to lift, base of support, smooth coordinated movements, center of gravity, and pull and pivot |
| What are some considerations when moving older patients? | Skin, joints, flexibility and joint mobility, weakness and hypotension, altered sensory perception, limitations on positioning |
| What are some assistive devices for moving or positioning a patient? | pillows, foot boots, sandbags, hand roll, hand-wrist splint, trapeze bar, side rail, bed board, wedge pillow |
| What is mobility | unable to move freely, predisposes the patient to develop a wide variety of complications |
| unable to move freely, predisposes the patient to develop a wide variety of complications | what is immobility |
| What are some improper allignment hazards? | Pressure ulcers, shearing force, contractures, fluid in lungs |
| You should teach a patient about these topics for movement and positioning | assist with positioning, assess environment to prevent falls, ROM exercises to prevent immobility problems, avoid prolonged sitting, frequent stretching, rising slowly. |
| Nursing interventions for positioning | reposition, fluid intake, diet, rom exercises, careful handling, positioning, ambulation, antiembolism measures. |
| What is active ROM | Patient is able to move with no assistance from self or another |
| What is assisted ROM | Range a movement a patient can make with assistance from self or another |
| fibrous joint | joint composed of a thin layer of dense connective tissue, also called immovable or synarthroses |
| cartilaginous joint | joint composed of a thin layer of dense connective tissue, also called immovable or synarthroses |
| synovial joint | most common type of joint, also called freely movable or diarthroses |
| circumduction | moving a part so that its end follows a circular path (moving the finger in a circular motion without moving the hand, for example) |
| elevation | ising a part (shrugging thou shoulders, for example) |
| eversion | turning the foot so the sole is outward |
| inversion | turning the foot so the sole is inward |
| plantar flexion | extending the foot at the ankle (bending the foot downward) |
| protraction | moving a part forward (thrusting the chin forward, for example) |
| retraction | moving a part backward (pulling the chin backward, for example) |
| rotation | moving a part around an axis (twisting the head side to side, for example) |
| alignment | relationship of various body parts to one another |
| things to consider when assisting a patient to ambulate | orthostatic hypotension; appropriate ammount of support; avoidance of overtiring; if falling, support the head |
| minimal support | this level of support involves only holding a patient's arm to provide stability and reassurance |
| moderate support | this level of support requires caregiver to encircle the arm and support patients waist |
| maximum support | it requires two people to provide this type of support |
| the patient conducts ROM exercises without assistance | active ROM |
| the nurse conducts ROM exercises without the patient's help | active assisted ROM |
| the nurse conducts ROM exercises without the patient's help | passive ROM |
| the nurse assists the patient to complete ROM that they are able to partially complete unassisted | passive assisted ROM |
| three muscles of the hips and groin | iliopsoas; gluteus maximus; adductor muscles |
| three muscles of the hamstrings | three muscles of the hamstrings |
| the muscles of the quadriceps femoris group | rectus femoris; vastus lateralis; vastus medialis; vastus intermedius |
| four major muscles of the lower leg | tibialis anterior; gastrocnemius; peroneus; soleus |
| canaliculi | an extremely narrow tubular passage or channel in compact bone |
| the process in which most bones are formed from cartilage models | endochrondral ossification |
| palpable landmark | bony landmarks that can be felt through the skin |
| sternoclavicular joint | the direct point of attachment between the bones of the upper extremity and the axial skeleton |
| carple tunnel syndrome | muscle weakness, pain, and tingling in the redial side of the wrist, hand, and fingers |
| synarthrosis | connective tissue membrane lining the spaces between bones and joints that secrets synovial fluid |
| synovial membrane | connective tissue membrane lining the spaces between bones and joints that secrets synovial fluid |
| ring of calcified matrix surrounding the Haversian canal | concentric lamella |
| *Rectus femoris*Vastus lateralis*Vastus medialis*Vastus intermedius | Quadricepts femoris group |
| Where are smooth muscles found? | Walls of hollow viscera, peristalsis, and vasoconstriction. |
| Peristalsis | wavelike motion that occurs in certain tubular organs, such as the intestines, and helps force the contents of these organs along their lengths. |
| I Bands | (light bands) composed of thin actin filaments. |
| *External oblique*Internal oblique*Transversus abdominis*Rectus abdominis | Abdominal Muscles |
| Contraction of muscle fibers produces most of the _____ required to maintain normal body temperature. | heat |
| number of cervical vertebrae | 7 |
| number of thoracic vertebrae | 12 |
| number of lumbar vertebrae | 5 |
| number of fused vertebrae in the sacrum | 5 locked together |
| number of fused vertebrae in the coccyx | 4 locked together |
| number of pairs of ribs in the thoracic cage | 12 |
| first 7 pairs; costal cartilages of ribs join directly to the sternum | number of true ribs |
| remaining pairs, 8 through 12; connected indirectly to the sternum | number of false ribs |
| last two pairs 11, 12; no cartilaginous attachment to the sternum | number of floating ribs |
| synarthroses | immovable joints |
| amphiarthroses | slightly movable joints |
| diarthroses | freely movable joints |
| synarthroses | fibrous tissue binds bones together in this type of joint |
| cartilaginous tissue binds bones together in this type of joint | amphiarthroses |
| synovial tissue binds bones together in this type of joint | diarthroses |
| types of synovial joints | ball and socket, condyloid, gliding, hinge, pivot, saddle |
| shoulder and hip (type of joint) | example of ball-and socket joint |
| between the wrist and ankle bones (type of joint) | example of gliding joints |
| elbow...humerus and ulna (type of joint) | example of a hinge joint |
| proximal ends of radius and ulna (type of joint) | example of a pivot joint |
| joint between the carpal and metacarpal of the thumb | example of a saddle joint |
| suture between the occipital and parietal bones | lambdoidal suture |
| suture between the temporal and parietal bones | squamosal suture |
| suture between the frontal bone and the parietal bones | coronal suture |
| suture that is midline between the two parietal bones | sagittal suture |
| Sacromeres are separted from each other by dark bands called ______. | Z Lines |
| Thick band of tissue that covers the bones on the bottom of the foot. | Plantar Fascia |
| The first thing needed for a muscle group to contract is _______________. | Electrical Stimulus (nervous system) |
| The electrical stimulus in muscle contraction triggers in the release of what positively charged cat ion? | Calcium |
| COntractions in the absence of adequate oxygen produces _______, which contributes to muscle soreness. | Lactic Acid |
| What is the specialized point of contact between a nerve ending and the muscle fiber it innervates? | Neuromuscular Juntion |
| Increases muscle's ability to sustain moderate exercise over a long period. Allows more efficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients, and does not result in muscle hypertrophy. | Endurance aerobic Training |
| Exercise involving contraction of muscles against heavy resistance. Increases number of microfilaments in each muscle fiber, does not increase muscle fibers. | Strength anaerobic Training |
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