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PT EVAL 3
PT EVAL 3 REVIEW
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is NORMAL RANGE for a PTs HEART RATE? | 60-100/min |
| What term would be used to describe a HEART RATE of 120/min? What would this indicate? | Tachycardia >100 Indicates Hypoxemia, Anxiety, Stress |
| What term would be used to describe a pulse of 47/min? What would this indicate? | Bradycardia <60 Indicates Heart Failure, Shock, Code/Emergency |
| What does paradoxical pulse/pulsus paradoxus indicate? | Pulse/Blood Pressure Varies with Respiration. May indicate Severe Air Trapping (Status Asthmaticus or Cardiac Tamponade) |
| Causes of tracheal deviation Pulled to ABNORMAL side TOWARD PATHOLOGY | Pulmonary Atelectasis, Pulmonary Fibrosis, Pneumonectomy, Diaphragmatic Paralysis |
| Causes of tracheal deviation Pulled to NORMAL side TOWARD PATHOLOGY | Massive Pleural Effusion, Tension Pneumothorax, Neck or Thyroid Tumors, Large Mediastinal Mass |
| What is tactile fremitus? | Vibrations that are felt by the hand on the chest wall |
| What is meant by tenderness? | PT Skin may be tender around sutures, Chest Tubes, Bruises, Fractured Bones and Burns; Avoid Areas of Tenderness if possible |
| What is meant by crepitus and what condition is it associated with? | Bubbles of Air Under the Skin that can be Palpated and Indicates the Presence of Subcutaneous Emphysema |
| Describe the normal appperance of each of the following structures on a chest x-ray HEMIDIAPHRAGMS | Are Rounded (Dome-Shaped) |
| Describe the normal appperance of each of the following structures on a chest x-ray TRACHEA | is Midline, Bilateral Radiolucency, with Sharp Costophrenic Angles |
| Describe the normal appperance of each of the following structures on a chest x-ray CLAVICLES | Head of ClAVICLES Should Be Level |
| List THREE possible causes for LOSS OF AIRWAY PATENCY | Foreign Body Obstruction, Edema as Seen with Croup, Epiglottitis or Allergic Reactions, Tracheal Spasms, Internal or External Compression, Truma Leading to Air leak |
| What condition cause OBLITERATION of the COSTOPHRENIC ANGLES? | Angle made by the outer curve of the diaphragm and chest wall. These angles are Obliterated by Pleural Effusions |
| In what pathology is the diaphragm flattened? | Flattened with COPD, Left or Right Hemidiaphragms may shift downward with a pneumothorax; appearing Flattened on one side |
| Describe each of the following positions used for chest x-rays LATERAL POSITION | Projection from either the right or left side, Adds a third dimension to structures viewed on AP or PA films |
| Describe each of the following positions used for chest x-rays LATERAL DECUBITUS | PT Lying on the Affected Side, Valuable for Detecting Small Pleural Effusions |
| Where should the tip of the endotracheal tube be positioned when viewed on a chest roentgenogram? | Should be Positioned below the Vocal Cords and no Closer Than 2cm or 1 in above the Carina. Approximately at the same level of the aortic Knob or Aortic Arch |
| What is the quickest way to determine adequate Ventation following endotracheal intubation? | Observation and Auscultation |
| Describe where each of the following should be located when positioned properly CHEST TUBE | Should be Located in the Pleural Space Surrounding the Lung |
| Describe where each of the following should be located when positioned properly NASOGASTRIC and FEEDING TUBE | Should be Positioned in the Stomach 2-5cm below the Diaphragm |
| Describe where each of the following should be located when positioned properly PULMONARY ARTERY CATHETER | Should Appear in the Right Lower Lung Field |
| Describe where each of the following should be located when positioned properly PACEMAKER | Should be Normally Positioned in the Right Ventricle |
| Describe where each of the following should be located when positioned properly CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER | Are Placed in the Right or Left Subclavian or Jugular Vein and Should Rest in the Vena Cava or Right Atrium of the Heart |
| What diagnostic test is appropriate for determining an upper airway obstruction in a child? | A Lateral Neck X-Ray (croup and epiglottis) |
| Briefly describe each of the following condition CROUP | A Viral Disorder Common in Infants and Young Children, X-ray will reveal Tracheal Narrowing with Subglottic Swelling in a Classic Pattern called; Steeple Sign, Picket Fence Sign, Pencil Point Sign |
| Briefly describe each of the following condition EPIGLOTTIS | A Potentially Life-Threating Inflammation of the Supraglottic Airway caused by a Bacterial Infection, Lateral Neck X-ray Shows Supraglottic Narrowing with an Enlarged and Flattened Epiglottis and Swollen Aryepiglottic Folds |
| Describe the normal appearance of each of the following structures on a chest x-ray RIGHT HEMIDIAPHRAGMS | Slightly Higher than the Left, is at the level of the Sixth Anterior Rib |
| Describe a CT Scan | An X-ray through a specific plane of the body part to be examined. Images as narrow slices of the organ or body part |
| With What Pathologies Would a CT be indicated? | Useful in detecting the presence of a Mediastinal Mass, Pleural and Parenchymal Masses and Pulmonary Nodules and Lesions not Visualized on a Chest X-Ray |
| What Special type of CT Scan is indicated to diagnose a Pulmonary Embolus? | A spiral CT scan with contrast dye may be used |
| What is advantage of using MRI over a conventional X-ray? | Magnetic Resonance imaging is used to obtain Two-Dimensional Views of an organ or structure without the use of radiation |
| What type of Ventilators are used with MRI and why? | Fluidic(non-electric, gas powered)Ventilators are used for PT requiring Mechanical Ventilation because the magnetic fields would disrupt electronic devices |
| Describe how this test is performed Pulmonary Ventilation/Perfusion Scans (V/Q Scan) | Radioisotope(xenon gas) is inhaled and the location of the gas is recorded producing a photographic pattern of distribution throughout the lungs |
| What is indicated by normal Ventilation with Abnormal Perfusion | Pulmonary Emboli |
| What are three indications for a barium test? | abnormalities in the Hypopharynx, Esophagus or Stomach |
| What is the main indication for bronchography | |
| List two hazards of a bronchography | |
| A PET scan would be useful to help diagnose what conditions | |
| A EEG is indicated to assess activity of the __ | |
| This test is indicated to diagnose what pathology | |
| Briefly describe when echocardiography would be indicated and what can be measured with the two different types of procedures | |
| What is the normal range for ICP | |
| Treatment is recommended when ICP increases above what level | |
| Define Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CCP) | |
| What is the Formula to Calculate CPP | |
| What is the Normal Value for CPP | |
| What is exhaled nitric oxide (NIOX) testing used for | |
| What does a decrease in PT FENO level suggest |
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Cam1228
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