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GOV CARDS
Government Terms
| TERM | MEANING |
|---|---|
| Direct Democracy | a type of government in which the people can govern themselves. No elected reps. |
| Indirect Democracy | voters designate reps who meet in legislative body and make decisions on behalf of the people. |
| Freedom | no individual should be under the power of another |
| Declaration of Independence | Signed July 4th, 1776. Formal proclomation declaring independence from British Crown. |
| Articles of Confederation | 1st framework of U.S. Later replaced by the Constitution. Sought to limit the powers of government. Congress wasn't able to tax or raise an army. |
| Ratify | approval of proposed congressional amendments by states. Second step in amendment process. |
| Implied Powers | those not enumerated by the constitution, but can be inferred from the delegated powers. |
| Police Powers | powers to regulate the health, morals, public safety, and welfare. Reserved to states. |
| Federalism | the relationship between centralized national government and individual state governments. |
| Checks and Balances | for every power in government there is an equal and opposite power placed in a seperate branch to restrain it. |
| gerrymandering | any attempt during state redistricting of voting boundaries to create a safe seat for one party. |
| Franking privalege | free mailing of newsletters and political brochures to constituents by members of Congress. |
| Cloture | procedure in which a vote of 60 senators can limit debate and stop a filibuster. |
| BILL OF RIGHTS - 1st Amendment | freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, petitioning government. |
| BILL OF RIGHTS - 2nd Amendment | Right to keep and bear arms. |
| BILL OF RIGHTS - 3rd Amendment | Protection against quartering troops in one's home. |
| BILL OF RIGHTS - 4th Amendment | Protection against unlawful search and seizure. |
| BILL OF RIGHTS - 5th Amendment | Right to a grand jury for criminal trials, no double jeopardy, no testifying against oneself, no being deprived of life or property without process of law, no taking property without compensation. |
| BILL OF RIGHTS - 6th Amendment | right to a speedy and public trial, to be informed of the nature of the charges, to confront witnesses, to compel witnesses to appear in one's defense, and to the assistance of counsel. |
| BILL OF RIGHTS - 7th Amendment | right to a jury of peers |
| BILL OF RIGHTS - 8th Amendment | no excessive bail or cruel punishment |
| BILL OF RIGHTS - 9th Amendment | rights not listed are retained by the people |
| BILL OF RIGHTS - 10th Amendement | Powers not delegated to government are reserved by states. |
| Antifederalists | Against the Constitution, but liked the idea of the Bill of Rights. |
| Federalists | Loved Consistution and did whatever it took to pass and ratify it. |
| Bill of Rights | Guarantee of people's rights in writing. First 10 Amendments of the Constitution. |
| Veto | Most important power or president. Power to forbid or prevent an action of Congress. If the veto is sent back to Congress and 2/3 majority vote to pass legislature, then it will be passed regardless. |
| Pocket Veto | President holds a veto for 10 days. If Congress is still in session after the 10 days it becomes a law. If not, they have to start all over. |
| precedent | previously decided court cases on an issue similar to the one being considered. |
| Judicial Review | the power of the Supreme Court established in Marbury V. Madison to overturn acts of the president, Congress, and the states if those acts violate the constitution. This makes the SC the final interpreter of the Constitution. |
| Interest Groups | formal organizations of people who share a common outlook or social circumstance and who band together in the hope of influencing government policy. |
| equality | a state in which all participants have qual access to the decision-making process, equal opportunity to influence the decisions made, and equal responsibility for those decisions. |
| Bicameral Legislature | a legislative system consisting of two houses or chambers. House of Reps & Senate. |
| Limited Government | a type of government in which the powers of the gov. are clearly defined and bounded, so that governmental authority cannot intrude in the lives of private citizens. |
| Seperation of Powers | state in which the powers of the gov. are divided among three branches : executive, legislative, and judicial. |
| Reserved Powers | Powers not assigned by the constitution to the national gov. but left to the states or to the people, according to the 10th Amendment. |
| New Federalism | a program under Nixon that decentralized power as a response to the New Deal centralization. |
| reapportionment | a process of redrawing voting district lines from time to time and adjusting the number of reps allotted each state. |
| delegates | Congress members who feel bound to follow the wishes of a majority of their constituents; they make frequent efforts to learn the opinions of voters in their state or district. |
| term limits | a legislated limit on the amount of time a political figure can serve in office. |
| Standing Committees | permanent congressional commitees that determine whether proposed legislation should be sent to the entire chamber for consideration. |
| lobbyists | people payed topressure members of Congress to further the aims of some interest group. |
| Pork-Barrel Legislation | Policies and programs designed to create special benefits for a member's district such as bridges, highways, dams, and military installations, all of which translate into jobs and money for the local economy and improve reelection chances for the incumben |
| filibuster | a technique that allows a senator to speak against a bill or talk about nothing at all, just to "hold the floor" and prevent the senate from moving forward with a vote. He or she may yield to other like-minded senators, so that the marathan debate can con |
| Executive Privilege | the implied or inherent power of the president to withhold information on the ground that to release such info would affect either national security or the president's ability to discharge his official duties. |
| Stare Decisis | (blank) |
| Trial Court | the point of original entry into the legal system, with a single judge and at times a jury deciding matters of both fact and law in a case. |
| Appellate Court | the court that reviews an appeal of the proceedings of the trial court, often with a multijudge panel and without a jury; it considers only matters of the law. |
| Sovereignty | the independence and self-government of a political entity. |
| (REPS) Speaker of the House | the only presiding officer of the House mentioned in the Constitution. The leader of the majority party in Congress and 3rd in line for the presidency. |
| (REPS) House Majority Leader | The person elected by the majority party caucus who serves as the party's chief strategist and floor spokesperson. |
| (REPS) House Minority Leader | the leader of the minority party in Congress. |
| (SEN) President Pro Tempore | the majority party member with the longest continuous service in the Senate, who serves as the chief presiding officer in absense of the vice president. |
| (SEN) Senate Majority Leader | a senator selected by the majority party whose functions are similar to those of the Speaker of the House. |
| Roles of the President | Chief of State, Commander in Chief, Crisis Leader, Chief Diplomat, Chief Legislator, Chief Executive, Moral Leader, Party Leader, Manager of Prosperity, Juggler of Roles. |
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