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Pharmacology chp1
Lpn fall 2008
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pharmacology | the study of drugs & their action on living organisms. |
| Orphan drug program act | passed in 1983 to encourage the development & marketing of products used to treat rare diseases. |
| Trade name (brand name) | name that is registered by the manufacturer & is followed by the trademark symbol; the name can be used only by the manufacturer; a drug may have several trade names depending on the # of manufacturers; 1st letter is capitalized. Official name |
| Generic name (nonproprietary) | Name given to a drug before it becomes official; may be used in all countries; by all manufacturers, the generic name is not capitalized. |
| Chemical name (scientific name) | Gives the exact chemical makeup of the drug & placing of the atoms or molecular structure; the chemical name is not capitalized. |
| Prescription drugs | designated by the federal government as potentially harmful unless their use is supervised by a licensed health care provider, such as a nurse practitioner, physician, or dentist. |
| Nonprescription drugs | designated by the FDA as safe when taken as directed & can be obtained w/out a prescription. |
| Controlled substances | most carefully monitored of all drugs, have high potential for abuse & may cause physical or psychological dependency. |
| Controlled substances Act | passed in 1970 regulates the manufacture, distribution, & dispensing of drugs that have abuse potential. |
| Drugs under the controlled substances Act | are divided into five schedules, based on their potential for abuse & physical & psychological dependence. |
| Physical dependency | a compulsive need to use a substance repeatedly to avoid mild to severe withdrawal symptoms; it is the body’s dependence on repeated administration of a drug. |
| Psychological dependency | a compulsion to use a substance to obtain a pleasurable experience; it is the minds’ dependence on the repeated administration of a drug. |
| Teratogen | any substance that causes abnormal development of the fetus, often leading to severe deformation. |
| Pharmaceutics phase | dissolution of the drug occurs, drugs must be soluble to be absorbed. Drugs that are liquid or drugs given by injection (parenteral drugs) are already dissolved & are absorbed quickly. Tablets that are enteric coating do not disintegrate until they reach |
| Enteric coated tablets | can not be crushed. |
| Pharmacokinetics | refers to activities w/in the body after a drug is administered which include: absorption, distribution, metabolism, & excretion. |
| Half | life is a measure of the rate @ which drugs are removed from the body. Refers to the time required for the body to eliminate 50% of the drug. |
| Absorption | follows administration & is the process by which a drug is made available for use in the body. |
| Distribution | systemic circulation distributes drugs to various body tissues or target sites. Drugs interact w/ specific receptors during distribution. |
| Active transport | cellular energy is used to move the drug from an area of low concentration to one of high concentration. |
| Passive transport | no cellular energy is used as the drug moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (small molecules diffuse across cell membrane). |
| Pincytosis | cells engulf the drug particle (the cell forms a vesicle to transport the drug into the inner cell). |
| 1st pass effect | may also affect absorption. When a drug is absorbed by the small intestine it travels to the liver before being released to circulate to the rest of the body. Liver may metabolize a significant amt of the drug before releasing it again into the body. |
| Metabolism (biotransformation) | process by which the body changes a drug to a more or less active form that can be excreted. Usually resulting form is metabolite. |
| Metabolite | an inactive form of the original drug, may undergo further metabolism r may be excreted from the body unchanged. Most drugs are metabolized by the liver, although the kidneys, lungs, plasma, & intestinal mucosa also aid in the metabolism of drugs. |
| Excretion | elimination of drugs from the body. After the liver renders drugs inactive, the kidney excretes the inactive compounds from the body. Some drugs are excreted unchanged by the kidney w/out liver involvement. |
| Onset of action | time between administration of the drug & onset of its therapeutic effect. |
| Peak concentration | when absorption rate equals the elimination rate (not always the time of peak response). |
| Duration of action | length of time the drug produces a therapeutic effect. |
| Pharmacodynamics | the study of the drug mechanisms that produce biochemical or physiologic changes in the body. Drug exerts it action by; alteration in cellular function & alteration in cellular environment. |
| Receptor | reactive site on the surface of a cell; when a drug binds to & interacts w/ the receptor, a pharmacologic response occurs. |
| Agonist | a drug that binds w/ a receptor & stimulates the receptor to produce a therapeutic response. |
| Antagonist | a drug that joins w/ receptors but does not stimulate the receptors. |
| Adverse reactions | undesirable drug effects; may be common or may occur infrequently. Maybe mild, severe, or life threatening. |
| Allergic reaction (hypersensitivity) | allergy to a drug usually begins to occur after more than one dose of the drug is given. |
| Antigen | a drug allergy occurs b/c the individual’s immune system views the drug as foreign substance. Antibodies |
| Examples of some allergic symptoms | include itching, various types of skin rashes, & hives (urticaria), other symptoms include difficulty breathing, wheezing, cyanosis, a sudden loss of consciousness, & swelling of the eyes, lips, or tongue. |
| Anaphylactic shock | an extremely serious allergic drug reaction that usually occurs shortly after the administration of a drug to which the individual is sensitive. |
| Angioedema (angioneurotic edema) | another type of allergic drug reaction. It is manifested by the collection of fluid in subcutaneous tissues. Areas that are most commonly affected are the eyelids, lips, mouth, & throat, although other areas also may be affected. |
| Drug idiosyncrasy | any unusual or abnormal reaction to a drug. Ex; pt maybe given a drug to help him or her sleep instead of falling asleep, the pt remains wide awake & shows signs of nervousness or excitement. |
| Drug tolerance | decreased response to a drug, requiring an increase in dosage to achieve the desired effect. Drug tolerance may develop when a pt takes certain drugs, such as narcotics & tranquilizers, for a long time. |
| Cumulative drug effect | may be seen in those w/ liver or kidney disease b/c these organs are the major sites for the breakdown & excretion of most drugs. This occurs when the body is unable to metabolize & excrete 1 normal dose of a drug before the next dose is given. |
| Toxic reactions | most drugs can produce toxic or harmful reactions if administered in large dosages or when blood concentration levels exceed the therapeutic level. |
| Pharmacogenetic disorder | a genetically determined abnormal response to normal doses of a drug. |
| Drug/drug interactions | occurs when one drug interacts w/ or interferes w/ the action of another drug. Ex: taking an antacid w/ oral tetracycline causes decrease in effectiveness of the tetracycline. The antacid chemically interact w/ the tetracycline & impairs its absorption i |
| Additive drug reaction | occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of each drug given alone. Ex: taking the drug heparin w/ alcohol will increase bleeding. |
| Synergism | occurs when drugs interact w/ each other & produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their separate actions. |
| Antagonistic drug reaction | occurs when one drug interferes w/ the action of another, causing neutralization or a decrease in the effect of one drug. Ex: protamine sulfate is heparin antagonist, meaning that the administration of protamine sulfate completely neutralizes the effects |
| Drug food interactions | When drugs are given orally food may impair or enhances its absorption. A drug taken on an empty stomach is absorbed into the bloodstream more quickly than when the drug is taken w/ food in the stomach. |
| Polypharmacy | the taking of numerous drugs that can potentially react w/ 1 another. |
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posiniv
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