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Chapter_9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| pain | an unpleasant sensation and an emotional response that alerts the body to harmful injury or inflammation |
| sensation | heat, cold, pressure, or chemical stimulus applied to sensory receptors and nerve endings in the peripheral nervous system |
| peripheral nervous system | a system made up of all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord which is responsible for bringing signals to the central nervous system for interpretation |
| inflammation | the body's response to infection, irritation, or other injury causing redness and swelling |
| arachidonic acid | an essential fatty acid that is necessary for human nutrition and is a precursor to prostaglandin production |
| cyclooxygenase | an enzyme that converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins |
| prostaglandin | a hormone-like substance that is produced in response to various stimuli; produces pain in most of the body but is protective in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract |
| pyrogen | substance that produces fever |
| pain receptor | a sensory receptor that responds to pain |
| acute pain | a brief and possibly severe attack of pain |
| physiological response | an automatic reaction to a stimulus mediated by biologic processes and manifests in acute symptoms |
| chronic pain | pain that lasts longer than three months and may not be associated with sympathetic manifestations such as acute pain |
| compensatory response | a neutral or counter reaction to a stimulus |
| somatic pain | pain that comes from injury to the body frame, such as to bones and muscles |
| visceral pain | pain that comes from problems with internal organs, such as the kidneys or intestines |
| neuropathic pain | pain that comes from damage to nerve tissue itself |
| pain cycle | acute pain that is triggered by physical or emotional stress in a cyclic manner |
| sympathetically mediated pain | pain associated with nerve overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system |
| phantom limb pain | pain that a patient feels in a limb that is no longer there, such as an amputated leg |
| mild pain | minor pain that can be managed with over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics |
| analgesic | drugs that treat pain; pain relievers |
| moderate to severe pain | intense pain that requires prescription medications, many of which are narcotics |
| narcotic analgesics | natural or synthetic drugs that have morphine-like activity; risk of dependence and abuse is inherent |
| euphoric effect | a feeling of well-being or happiness that mimics the natural endorphins the body makes |
| endorphin | a chemical produced in response to pain and stress in order to help the body deal with pain |
| tolerance | a process whereby the body becomes less sensitive to the effects of a drug over time |
| dependence | a condition where the body has gotten used to drug effect, many drugs have this effect; undesirable effects occur upon withdrawl of the drug making stopping therapy difficult; facilitates further use and abuse |
| physiological dependence | a type of dependence that occurs when the body becomes used to the effects of a drug over time and physically adjusts |
| withdrawal symptoms | abnormal physical or psychological features that follow the abrupt discontinuation of a drug |
| psychological dependence | a type of dependence related to the euphoric effects and relief that a patient feels when analgesia for legitimate pain occurs |
| tapering | reducing drug doses slowly over time |
| addiction | a compulsive behavioral disorder in which the patient becomes preoccupied with obtaining more drug (often controlled substances, especially opiates or narcotics) that affects normal daily functioning |
| synergistic drug therapy | the cooperative action of two or more drugs |
| Reye’s syndrome | a rare illness that can affect the blood, liver and brain of someone who recently had a viral infection |
| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) | a class of drugs that block pain by inhibiting cyclooxygenase I (COX-1) and II (COX-2) which inhibits prostaglandin production throughout the body |
| cyclooxygenase-II (COX-2) inhibitors | a class of drugs that block the COX-2 enzyme exclusively which inhibits prostaglandins in the perifery of the body, but less so in the GI lining |
| analgesia | the inability to feel pain while still conscious; pain relief |
| mu and kappa opioid pain receptors | receptors located in the brain and various organs that bind opiates or opioid substances |
| opioid analgesic | pain relievers that act on the central nervous system by stimulating opioid receptors |
| tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) | a class of drugs used to treat depression by blocking serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake into the presynaptic neuron |
| headache | a pain in the head and sometimes neck and upper back |
| migraine headache | a throbbing, unilateral pain in the head that impacts normal activity of life |
| aura | vision disturbances, including seeing halos, flashing lights, floating spots, or areas of darkness or blurriness |
| prodrome | an early symptom of disease |
| medication overuse headache | a pain in the head that occurs when triptans are used more than six times a month and other analgesics are used three or more times a day for three to five days a week |
| selective serotonin receptor agonists (triptans) | a class of drug used to treat migraines that work by stimulating sertonin receptors to produce vasoconstriction in blood vessels of the head |
| abortive drug therapy | treatment used to stop adverse effects acutely; used to alleviate migraines as they occur or to stop anaphylactic allergic reactions |
| barbiturates | a class of drugs that are considered sometimes to be sedatives/hypnotics or central nervous system depressants; controlled substances that are sometimes used for migraines |
| preventive drug therapy | drugs that are taken daily or at regular intervals to prevent or reduce adverse effects or disease |
| anesthesia | inhibiting sensation and pain during procedures such as surgery |
| local anesthesia | anesthesia that affects only a select part of the body, causing loss of pain, tactile sensation, and temperature sensation |
| general anesthesia | anesthesia that affects the entire body and loss of consciousness occurs |
| preanesthetic medication | a drug used before administration of an anesthetic to reduce anxiety and enhance amnesia |
| inhaled anesthetic | anesthetic medication stored in steel containers as compressed gas or liquid and then inhaled through a face mask |
| injectable anesthetic | anesthetic medication administered via continuous infusion |
| general anesthetic | an agent that produces loss of consciousness |
| local anesthetic | an agent that produces loss of sensation in a defined area of the body |
| malignant hyperthermia | a rare but life-threatening effect of certain general anesthetics where body temperature rises dangerously high |
| ester | short-acting drug molecules metabolized by local tissue fluids |
| amide | longer-acting drug molecules metabolized in the liver |
| capsaicin | a chemical derived from cayenne peppers used as a topical treatment for pain |
| feverfew | a plant product used orally for migraine pain |
Created by:
softcrylic
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