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Exam Three
Oxygen, Hemostasis, Respiratory & COPD
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| alveolar collapse that occurs when high concentrations of oxygen are given and oxygen replaces nitrogen in the alveoli; if airway obstruction occurs, the oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream and the alveoli collapse. | (29)absorption atelectasis |
| an inflammation of the lower respiratory tract that is usually due to infection. | (28)acute bronchitis |
| extra breath sounds that are not normally heard, such as crackles, rhonchi, wheezes, and pleural friction rubs. | (26)adventitious sounds |
| the reaction of the nasal mucosa to a specific allergen. | (27)allergic rhinitis |
| a manifestation of a pathologic process characterized by a reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes, quantity of hemoglobin, and/or the volume of packed red cells (hematocrit) in the blood. | (31)anemia |
| a serum protein produced by the liver normally found in the lungs that inhibits proteolytic enzymes of white cells from lysing lung tissue; genetic deficiency of this protein can cause emphysema. | (29)α-antitrypsin |
| a disease with a deficiency of all of the formed elements of blood (specifically red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets), representing a failure of the cell-generating capacity of bone marrow. | (31)aplastic anemia |
| an absence of spontaneous respirations. | (27)apnea |
| a chronic inflammatory lung disease that results in airflow obstruction; characterized by recurring episodes of paroxysmal dyspnea, wheezing on expiration and/or inspiration caused by constriction of the bronchi, coughing, and viscous mucoid bronchial sec | (29)asthma |
| the blood-forming tissue that fills the central core of bones. | (30)bone marrow |
| type of emphysema often associated with chronic bronchitis in which respiratory bronchioles enlarge, the walls are destroyed, and the bronchioles become confluent; characterized by enlargement of air spaces in the proximal part of the acinus, primarily at | (29)centrilobular emphysema |
| a sensory nerve cell that responds to a change in the chemical composition (PaCO2 and pH) of the fluid around it. | (26)chemoreceptor |
| rhythmic percussion of a patient's chest with cupped hands to loosen retained respiratory secretions. | (29)chest percussion |
| a series of maneuvers including percussion, vibration, and postural drainage designed to promote clearance of excessive respiratory secretions. | (29)chest physiotherapy |
| obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by excessive production of mucus and chronic inflammatory changes in the bronchi, resulting in a cough with expectoration for at least 3 months of the year for more than 2 consecutive years. | (29)chronic bronchitis |
| pulmonary disease state characterized by the presence of airflow obstruction caused by chronic bronchitis or emphysema; clinical use of the term indicates the presence of chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema; includes asthma, chronic bronchiectasis, chroni | (29)chronic pancreatitis |
| a condition marked by lymphatic fluid in the pleural space caused by a leak in the thoracic duct. | (28)chylothorax |
| a lower respiratory tract infection of the lung parenchyma with onset in the community or during the first 2 days of hospitalization. | (28)community-acquired pneumonia |
| a measure of the ease of expansion of the lungs and thorax. | (26)compliance |
| hypertrophy of the right side of the heart, with or without heart failure, resulting from pulmonary hypertension. | (29)cor pulmonale |
| short, low-pitched sounds consisting of discontinuous bubbling caused by air passing through airway intermittently occluded by mucus, unstable bronchial wall, or fold of mucosa; evident on inspiration and, at times, expiration; similar sound to blowing th | (26)crackle |
| an autosomal recessive, multisystem disease characterized by altered function of the exocrine glands involving primarily the lungs, pancreas, and sweat glands. | (29)cystic fibrosis |
| a deflection of the normally straight nasal septum. | (27)deviated septum |
| breathing with the use of the diaphragm to achieve maximum inhalation and slow respiratory rate. | (29)diaphragmatic breathing |
| a grave coagulopathy resulting from the overstimulation of clotting and anticlotting processes in response to disease or injury, such as septicemia, acute hypotension, poisonous snakebites, neoplasms, obstetric emergencies, severe trauma, extensive surger | (31)disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) |
| dry powdered drug delivered by inhalation. | (29)dry powder inhaler |
| shortness of breath; difficulty breathing that may be caused by certain heart conditions, strenuous exercise, or anxiety. | (26)dyspnea |
| bruising. | (30)ecchymosis |
| the tendency for the lungs to recoil or reduce in volume after being stretched or expanded. | (26)elastic recoil |
| an abnormal condition of the pulmonary system, characterized by overinflation and destructive changes in alveolar walls. | (29)emphysema |
| an accumulation of purulent exudates in a body cavity, especially the pleural space, as a result of bacterial infection, such as pleurisy or tuberculosis. | (28)empyema |
| nosebleed. | (27)epistaxis |
| red blood cell. | (30)erythrocyte |
| process of red blood cell production. | (30)erythropoiesis |
| a method of swallowing air, trapping it in the esophagus, and releasing it to create sound. | (27)esophageal speech |
| a continual process resulting in the dissolution of fibrin to maintain blood in its fluid form. | (30)fibrinolysis |
| instability of the chest wall resulting from multiple rib fractures. | (28)flail chest |
| vibration of the chest wall produced by vocalization. | (26)fremitus |
| an autosomal recessive disease characterized by increased intestinal iron absorption and, as a result, increased tissue iron deposition. | (31)hemachromatosis |
| the study of blood and blood-forming tissues. | (30)hematology |
| blood cell production. | (30)hematopoiesis |
| a complex protein-iron compound that is the major component of erythrocytes that carries oxygen to the cells from the lungs and carbon dioxide away from the cells to the lungs. | (30)hemoglobin |
| destruction of erythrocytes. | (30)hemolysis |
| an anemia caused by destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) at a rate that exceeds production. | (31)hemolytic anemia |
| hereditary bleeding disorders caused by defective or deficient clotting factors; classic hemophilia A is a sex-linked recessive genetic disorder caused by deficient factor VIII; hemophilia B is a deficiency of factor IX. | (31)hemophilia |
| a homeostatic process of blood clotting and blood lysing. | (30)hemostasis |
| accumulation of blood in the pleural space. | (28)hemothorax |
| a malignant condition characterized by proliferation of abnormal giant, multinucleated cells, called Reed-Sternberg cells, which are located in lymph nodes. | (31)Hodgkin's lymphoma |
| pneumonia occurring 48 hours or longer after hospital admission and not incubating at the time of hospitalization. | (28)hospital-acquired pneumonia |
| greater than normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood (PaCO2 > 45 mm Hg); also called hypercarbia. | (29)hypercapnia |
| an abnormal condition in which responses to stimuli are exaggerated. | (29)hyperreactivity |
| excessive or exaggerated response to a stimulus; in asthma leads to bronchoconstriction in response to physical, chemical, or pharmacologic stimuli. | (29)hyperresponsiveness |
| low arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2 < 35 mm Hg); also called hypocarbia. | (29)hypocapnia |
| a microcytic hypochromic anemia caused by inadequate supplies of iron needed to synthesize hemoglobin; characterized by pallor, fatigue, and weakness. | (31)iron deficiency anemia |
| a broad term given to a group of malignant diseases characterized by diffuse replacement of bone marrow with proliferating leukocyte precursors, affecting the blood and blood-forming tissues of the bone marrow, lymph system, and spleen. | (31)leukemia |
| white blood cell. | (30)leukocyte |
| an abnormal decrease in the number of total white blood cells to < 4000/μl. | (30)leukopenia |
| a pus-containing lesion of the lung parenchyma that results in a cavity formed by necrosis of lung tissue. | (28)lung abscess |
| malignant neoplasms originating in the bone marrow and lymphatic structures resulting in the proliferation of lymphocytes. | (31)lymphomas |
| receptors located in lungs, upper airways, chest wall, and diaphragm that are stimulated by irritants, muscle stretching, and alveolar wall distortion. | (26)mechanical receptors |
| a group of disorders caused by impaired DNA synthesis and characterized by the presence of large red blood cells. | (31)megaloblastic anemias |
| aerosolized drug delivered in a specific amount by activating the inhaler or by inhaling. | (29)metered-dose inhaler |
| a condition in which malignant neoplastic plasma cells infiltrate the bone marrow and destroy bone. | (31)multiple myeloma |
| a group of related hematologic disorders characterized by a change in the quantity and quality of bone marrow elements. | (31)myelodysplastic syndrome |
| benign mucous membrane masses that form slowly in response to repeated inflammation of the sinus or nasal mucosa and project into the nasal cavity. | (27)nasal polyps |
| an abnormal reduction of the neutrophil count to< 1000/μl. | (30)neutropenia |
| a heterogeneous group of malignant neoplasms involving lymphoid tissue. | (31)non-Hodgkin's lymphoma |
| normal arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2 35 to 45 mm Hg). | (29)normocapnia |
| a condition of oxygen overdosage caused by prolonged exposure to a high levels of oxygen; may inactivate pulmonary surfactant and lead to development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. | (29)O2 toxicity |
| a condition characterized by partial or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep, causing apnea and hypopnea. | (27)obstructive sleep apnea |
| a condition characterized by inadequate production and secretion of pancreatic hormones or enzymes. | (29)pancreatic insufficiency |
| type of emphysema involving distention and destruction of the entire primary respiratory lobule; usually associated with "1-antitrypsin deficiency; also called chronic hypertrophic, diffuse, generalized, panlobular, or vesicular emphysema. | (29)panlobular emphysema |
| marked decrease in the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. | (30)pancytopenia |
| a progressive megaloblastic macrocytic anemia resulting from inadequate gastric secretion of intrinsic factor necessary for absorption of cobalamin (vitamin B12). | (31)pernicious anemia |
| small purplish lesions. | (30)petechiae |
| the process by which certain cells, such as a white blood cell, engulf and destroy microorganisms and cellular debris. | (30)phagocytosis |
| an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the intrapleural spaces of the lungs. | (28)pleural effusion |
| creaking or grating sound from roughened, inflamed surfaces of the pleura rubbing together, evident during inspiration, expiration, or both and no change with coughing; usually uncomfortable, especially on deep inspiration. | (26)pleural friction rub |
| inflammation of the pleura. | (28)pleurisy (pleuritis) |
| a general term for lung diseases caused by inhalation and retention of dust particles. | (28)pneumoconiosis |
| an acute inflammation of the lungs, often caused by inhaled pneumococci of the species Streptococcus pneumoniae. | (28)pneumonia |
| a collection of air or gas in the pleural space causing the lung to collapse. | (28)pneumothorax |
| an abnormal condition with excessive levels of red blood cells. | (30)polycythemia |
| the use of various positions to promote gravity drainage of bronchial secretions; coughing usually expels secretions of the trachea. | (29)postural drainage |
| an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the alveoli and interstitial spaces of the lungs caused most commonly by heart failure; an acute, life-threatening situation in which the lung alveoli become filled with serous or serosanguineous fluid caused most comm | (28, 35)pulmonary edema |
| a thromboembolic occlusion of the pulmonary vasculature resulting from thrombi in the venous circulation or right side of the heart and from other sources, such as amniotic fluid, air, fat, bone marrow, and foreign IV material that travel as emboli until | (28)pulmonary embolism |
| elevated pulmonary pressure resulting from an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance to blood flow through small arteries and arterioles. | (28)pulmonary hypertension |
| a technique of exhaling against pursed lips to prolong exhalation, preventing bronchiolar collapse and air trapping; done to increase expiratory airway pressure, improve oxygenation of the blood, and help prevent early airway closure. | (29)pursed-lip breathing |
| an immature erythrocyte characterized by a meshlike pattern of threads and particles at the former site of the nucleus; measurement of the number of reticulocytes is a useful means of evaluating the rate and adequacy of erythrocyte production. | (30)reticulocyte |
| the surgical reconstruction of the nose. | (27)rhinoplasty |
| continuous rumbling, snoring, or rattling sounds from obstruction of large airways with secretions; most prominent on expiration; change often evident after coughing or suctioning. | (26)rhonchi |
| a group of inherited, autosomal recessive disorders characterized by the presence of an abnormal form of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte. | (31)sickle cell disease |
| a severe, life-threatening asthma attack that is refractory to usual treatment and places the patient at risk for developing respiratory failure. | (29)status asthmaticus |
| a formative cell; a cell whose daughter cells may give rise to other cell types, including blood cells. | (30)stem cell |
| a lipoprotein that lowers the surface tension in the alveoli, reduces the amount of pressure needed to inflate the alveoli, and decreases the tendency of the alveoli to collapse. | (26)surfactant |
| a pneumothorax with rapid accumulation of air in the pleural space causing severely high intrapleural pressures with resultant tension on the heart and great vessels. | (28)tension pneumothorax |
| an autosomal recessive genetic disorder of inadequate production of normal hemoglobin. | (31)thalassemia |
| a surgical procedure done to remove fluid from the pleural space. | (28)thoracentesis |
| surgical opening into the thoracic cavity. | (28)thoracotomy |
| platelet. | (30)thrombocyte |
| a reduction of the platelet count below 100,000/µl. | (30)thrombocytopenia |
| a condition marked by excessive platelets; a disorder that occurs with inflammation and some malignant disorders. | (30)thrombocytosis |
| volume of air exchanged with each breath. | (26)tidal volume |
| surgical opening into the trachea through which an indwelling tube may be inserted. | (27)tracheostomy |
| a surgical incision into the trachea for the purpose of establishing an airway; performed below a blockage by a foreign body, tumor, or edema of the glottis. | (27)tracheotomy |
| a substance, object, or agent that initiates or stimulates an action; in asthma, any stimuli that initiates the IgE–mast cell mediated response resulting in the pathophysiologic responses of asthma. | (29)trigger |
| an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; usually involves the lungs but also occurs in the larynx, kidneys, bones, adrenal glands, lymph nodes, and meninges and can be disseminated throughout the body. | (28)tuberculosis |
| pressing on the chest with the flat of the hands while repeatedly tensing the hand and arm muscles to facilitate movement of secretions to larger airways. | (29)vibration |
| a form of rhonchus characterized by continuous high-pitched squeaking sound caused by rapid vibration of bronchial walls. | (26)wheezes |
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