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Janet- test 3-chp.42
Janet- test 3- chp. 42
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anorexia | or the lack of appetite, may be related to systemic and local diseases; numerous psychosocial causes, such as fear, anxiety, depression, pain; and impaired ability to smell and taste—or it may occur secondary to drug therapy or medical treatments |
| anorexia nervosa | an eating disorder characterized by extreme weight loss, muscle wasting, arrested sexual development, refusal to eat, and bizarre eating habits. |
| anthropometric | measurements are used to determine body dimensions. In children, anthropometric measurements are used to assess growth rate; in adults, they can give indirect measurements of body protein and fat stores |
| basal metabolism | is the energy required to carry on the involuntary activities of the body at rest; the energy needed to sustain the metabolic activities of cells and tissues and to maintain circulatory, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and renal processes |
| body mass index (BMI) | is a ratio of weight (in kilograms) to height (in meters). The BMI is a reliable indicator of total body fat stores in the general population. Health practitioners use this more accurate weight calculation as an initial assessment of nutritional status. T |
| bulimia | another eating disorder characterized by gorging followed by purging with self-induced vomiting, diuretics, and laxatives, also becomes more common in this age group |
| Energy in the diet is measured in the form of kilocalories, commonly abbreviated as | calorie |
| carbohydrate | commonly known as sugars and starches, are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They serve as the structural framework of plants |
| cholesterol | is a fatlike substance found only in animal products. It is not an essential nutrient; the body makes sufficient amounts |
| clear liquid diet | contain only foods that are clear liquids at room or body temperature—gelatin, fat-free broth, bouillon, ice pops, clear juices, carbonated beverages, regular and decaffeinated coffee, and tea. Because clear liquid diets are inadequate in calories, prote |
| enteral | administering nutrients directly into the stomach |
| full liquid diet | contain all the items on a clear liquid diet. Additional items allowed include milk and milk drinks, puddings, custards, plain frozen desserts, pasteurized eggs, cereal gruels, vegetable juices, and milk and egg substitutes in addition to clear liquids. A |
| gastrostomy | a surgical opening into the stomach. |
| ketosis | an abnormal accumulation of ketone bodies that is frequently associated with acidosis |
| lipid | Fats in the diet are insoluble in water and, therefore, insoluble in blood. Like carbohydrates, they are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Ninety-five percent of the in the diet are in the form of triglycerides |
| minerals | are inorganic elements found in all body fluids and tissues in the form of salts (eg, sodium chloride) or combined with organic compounds (eg, iron in hemoglobin). Some minerals function to provide structure within the body, whereas others help to regulat |
| nasogastric (NG) tube | tube is inserted through the nose and into the stomach. However, the patient is at risk for aspirating the tube feeding solution into the lungs, a disadvantage for using this route. |
| nasointestinal (NI) tube | is passed through the nose and into the upper portion of the small intestine. A patient with a nasointestinal tube is at minimal risk for aspiration |
| NPO | NOTHING BY MOUTH |
| nutrient | are specific biochemical substances used by the body for growth, development, activity, reproduction, lactation, health maintenance, and recovery from illness or injury. |
| nutrition | is the study of how food nourishes the body |
| obesity | is defined as body weight 20% or more above ideal weight or having a BMI of 30 or more |
| parenteral | providing nutrition via IV therapy, nutrition |
| parenteral nutrition | the administration of nutritional support via the intravenous route. Patients who can't meet their nutritional needs by the oral or enteral routes may require intravenous nutritional supplementation. Intravenous supplementation may be prescribed for patie |
| percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube (PEG) | When enteral feeding is required for a long-term period, an enterostomal tube may be placed through an opening created into the stomach (gastrostomy) or into the jejunum (jejunostomy). Placement of a tube into the stomach can be accomplished by a surgeon |
| peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) | a less concentrated nutrient solution sometimes prescribed for patients who are able to take oral feedings but not enough to meet nutritional levels |
| protein | a vital component of every living cell |
| recommended dietary allowance (RDA) | of essential nutrients refers to recommendations for average daily amounts that healthy population groups should consume over time. Although an exact requirement for carbohydrates has not been established, at least 50 to 100 g is needed daily to prevent k |
| residual | feeding remaining in the stomach |
| soft diet | are usually regular diets that have been modified to eliminate foods that are hard to digest and to chew, including those that are high in fiber, high in fat, and highly seasoned. Soft diets may also be called bland or low-fiber diets. Soft diets are adeq |
| total parenteral nutrition (TPN) | is a highly concentrated, hypertonic nutrient solution. TPN provides calories, restores nitrogen balance, and replaces essential fluids, vitamins, electrolytes, minerals, and trace elements. TPN can also promote tissue and wound healing and normal metabo |
| trans fat | partially hydrogenate liquid oils, they become more solid and more stable. This substance is referred to as, raises serum cholesterol |
| triglycerides | the predominant form of fat in food and the major storage form of fat in the body. Compound lipids (such as phospholipids, in which a lipid is combined with another substance) and derived lipids (such as cholesterol) constitute the remainder of the lipids |
| vitamins | organic compounds needed by the body in small amounts. Most vitamins are active in the form of coenzymes, which, together with enzymes, facilitate thousands of chemical reactions in the body. |
| carbohydrates, protein, and fat provide | energy |
| Vitamins and minerals, needed for the metabolism of energy | do not provide calories |
| The only animal source of carbohydrate in the diet is lactose | “milk sugar” |
| ketosis | an abnormal accumulation of ketone bodies that is frequently associated with acidosis |
| Vitamins A, D, E, and K | fat-soluble vitamins, are absorbed with fat into the lymphatic circulation. |
| Water-soluble vitamins | include vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins (ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, biotin pantothenic acid, folate, and cobalamin). They are absorbed through the intestinal wall directly into the bloodstream. Although some tissues are a |
| are elements, are not broken down or rearranged in the body but, rather, are contained in the ash that remains after digestion. Excessive soaking and cooking in water can cause loss of minerals from food. However, minerals are commonly not destroyed by fo | Minerals |
| Microminerals | or trace elements, are minerals needed by the body in amounts less than 100 mg/day. Microminerals that have recommended dietary intake established include iron, zinc, manganese, chromium, copper, molybdenum, selenium, fluoride, and iodine. Additional trac |
| Ultratrace elements | are elements that are consumed in microgram quantities each day. They occur in very low quantities in human tissues and their essentiality is uncertain. These elements include aluminum, lithium, nickel, silicon, tin, and vanadium |
| A positive caloric balance | resulting from an excess caloric intake or a decrease in energy expenditure, leads to the gradual accumulation of weight. This excess weight increases the risk for numerous medical problems; increases the risks associated with surgery; increases the risk |
| The acronym DETERMINE can be used to screen for warning signs of poor nutritional health: D | Disease: Any disease, illness or chronic condition that causes a change in the way a person eats or makes it hard to eat |
| The acronym DETERMINE can be used to screen for warning signs of poor nutritional health: E | Eating poorly: Eating too little or too much; skipping meals; eating the same foods all the time |
| The acronym DETERMINE can be used to screen for warning signs of poor nutritional health: T | Tooth loss/mouth pain: Missing, loose, or rotten teeth or dentures that don't fit well or cause mouth sores make it hard to eat |
| The acronym DETERMINE can be used to screen for warning signs of poor nutritional health: E | Economic hardship: Having less or choosing to spend less on food makes it difficult to eat the foods needed to stay healthy |
| The acronym DETERMINE can be used to screen for warning signs of poor nutritional health: R | Reduced social contact: Being with people has a positive effect on eating and well-being |
| The acronym DETERMINE can be used to screen for warning signs of poor nutritional health: M | Multiple medicines: The more medicines taken, the greater the risk for side effects, such as increased/decreased appetite, change in taste, constipation, weakness, drowsiness, diarrhea, and nausea. Vitamins or minerals taken in large doses act like drugs |
| The acronym DETERMINE can be used to screen for warning signs of poor nutritional health: I | Involuntary weight loss/gain: A large weight loss or gain can be a sign of serious health problems |
| The acronym DETERMINE can be used to screen for warning signs of poor nutritional health: N | Needs assistance in self-care: Difficulty walking, shopping, purchasing, and cooking food interferes with the ability to meet nutrition needs |
| The acronym DETERMINE can be used to screen for warning signs of poor nutritional health: E | Elder years above age 80: As age increases, risk of frailty and health problems increase |
| Hemoglobin | (normal = 12–18 g/dL) |
| decreased Hemoglobin | anemia |
| Hematocrit | (normal = 40%–50%) |
| Hematocrit, decreased and increased | decreased → anemia,increased → dehydration |
| Serum albumin decreased → malnutrition (prolonged protein depletion), malabsorption | (normal = 3.5–5.5 g/dL) |
| Decreased Serum albumin | malnutrition (prolonged protein depletion), malabsorption |
| Prealbumin | (normal = 23–43 mg/dL) |
| decreased Prealbumin | protein depletion, malnutrition |
| Transferrin | (normal = 240–480 mg/dL) |
| decreased Transferrin | anemia, protein deficiency |
| Blood urea nitrogen | (normal = 17–18 mg/dL) |
| Blood urea nitrogen increased, decreased | increased → starvation, high protein intake, severe dehydration; decreased → malnutrition, overhydration |
| Creatinine | (normal = 0.4–1.5 mg/dL) |
| Creatinine: increased, decreased | increased → dehydration; decreased → reduction in total muscle mass, severe malnutrition |
| Patients who should NOT receive nasogastric feeding | Patients with a dysfunctional gag reflex, high risk of aspiration, gastric stasis, gastroesophageal reflux, nasal injuries, and those who are unable to have the head of the bed elevated during feedings are not candidates for nasogastric feeding |
| when formula is delivered directly into the intestine | a type of dumping syndrome may develop because the pyloric valve in the stomach, which normally slows transit of food into the intestine, is bypassed. The volume of feeding distends the intestine and, combined with a hypoglycemic reaction as the body adju |
| TPN meets the patient's nutritional needs by way of | nutrient-filled solutions administered intravenously through a central venous access device, such as a multilumen, nontunneled catheter into the subclavian vein, or a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC). |
| Hyperalimentation is | another term sometimes used synonymously with parenteral nutrition. |
| PPN is administered through a | PPN is administered through a peripheral vein. Peripheral veins cannot tolerate highly concentrated solutions, so the solution is not as nutrient dense as TPN. |
| Dextrose | Calories for metabolism |
| Amino Acid | Protein for tissue repair |
| Lipids | Essential fatty acids and calories for metabolism, wound healing, and red blood cell production |
| Acetate | Prevents metabolic acidosis |
| Calcium | Development of bones and teeth; aids in blood clotting |
| Chloride | Regulates acid–base balance; maintains osmotic pressure |
| Folic acid | DNA formation; promotes growth and development |
| Phosphorus | Cell energy and calcium balance |
| Potassium | Cellular activity and cardiac function |
| Sodium | Control water distribution; maintain normal fluid balance |
| Vitamin B complex | Carbohydrate absorption |
| Vitamin C | Wound healing |
| Vitamin D | Bone metabolism; maintain serum calcium levels |
| Vitamin K | Prevent bleeding disorders |
| Micronutrients, such as zinc, cobalt, and manganese | Wound healing; red blood cell synthesis |
| Magnesium | Carbohydrate and protein absorption |
| Patients with a BMI of less than 18.5 are | considered underweight |
| Parenteral nutrition can be administered | centrally, through a central venous access device (TPN), or peripherally (PPN), through a short-term intravenous access in a peripheral vein. |
| List the six classes of nutrients, explaining the significance of each. | three supply energy (carbohydrates, protein, and lipids [fats]) and three are needed to regulate body processes (vitamins, minerals, and water). |
| Identify risk factors for poor nutritional status. | |
| Describe how nutrition influences growth and development throughout the life cycle. | |
| Discuss the components of a nutritional assessment. | |
| Evaluate a diet using the MyPyramid Food Guide. | |
| Develop nursing diagnoses that correctly identify nutritional problems that may be treated by independent nursing interventions. | |
| Describe nursing interventions to help patients achieve their nutritional goals. | |
| Plan, implement, and evaluate nursing care related to select nursing diagnoses that involve nutritional problems. | |
| Identify nursing interventions to safely deliver enteral nutrition. | |
| Identify nursing interventions to safely deliver parenteral nutrition. | |
Created by:
Megaroo2222
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