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Stack #164942
kilgore lvl1: Acids, bases, electrolytes...oh my!
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ranges for Respiratory Acidosis | PCO2>45mmHg AND pH <7.35 |
| Ranges for Respiratory Alkalosis | PCO2 <35mmHg AND pH >7.45 |
| Ranges for Metabolic Acidosis | HCO3 <22mEq/L AND pH <7.35 |
| Ranges for Metabolic Alkalosis | HCO3 >26mEq/L AND pH >7.45 |
| Common causes of respiratory acidosis | hypoventilation due to emphysema, pulmonary edema, trauma to resp. center, airway obstructions, or dysfunction of muscles of respiration |
| compensatory mechs for respiratory acidosis | RENAL COMPENSATIONS: increased excretion of H+, increased reabsorption of HCO3 If compensation is complete, pH will be normal but PCO2 will be high |
| compensatory mechs for respiratory alkalosis | RENAL: decreased excretion of H+, decreased reabsorption of HCO3 If compensation is complete, pH is normal, and PCO2 is low |
| Compensatory mechs for metabolic acidosis | RESPIRATORY: hyperventilation to increase loss of CO2. If compensation is complete, pH is normal, HCO3 will be low |
| compensatory mechs for metabolic alkalosis | RESPIRATORY: hypoventilation to decrease/slow loss of CO2 If compensation is complete, pH is normal, HCO3 will be high |
| ranges for Sodium (Na+) | 135 - 145 mEq/L |
| regulation systems for Na+ | renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (there are more actually, but the book doesn't go into them, so I'm not fussing over it...nina) |
| bad things that happen in hypernatremia (too much sodium) | intense thirst, hypertension, edema, agitiation, convulsions |
| bad things that happen in hyponatremia (too little sodium) | muscular weakness, dizziness, headache, hypotension, tachycardis & shock, mental confusion, stupor and coma |
| ranges for potassium (K+) | 3.5-5.0 mEq/L |
| regulation systems for potassium | renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
| bad things that happen in hyperkalemia (too much potassium) | irritability, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscular weakness, inducing ventricular fibrillation and causing death ("death by fibrillation"- catchy ice-cream flavor?) hahahahah |
| bad things that happen in hypokalemia (too little potassium) | muscle fatigue, flaccid paralysis, mental confusion, increased urine output, shallow respirations, flattening of T-wave in EEG |
| ranges for calcium Ca2+ | 4.5 - 5.5 mEq/L |
| regulation systems for calcium | parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vit. D |
| bad things that happen in hypercalcemia (too much calcium) | lethargy, weakness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, polyuria, itching, bone pain, depression, confusion, paresthesia, stupor and coma |
| bad things that happen in hypocalcemia (too little calcium) | numbness and tingling of fingers, hyperactive reflexes, muscle cramps, tetany, convulsions, bone fractures, laryngeal spasms that can cause death by asphyxiation |
| ranges for magnesium Mg2+ | 1.5 - 2.5 mEq/L |
| regulations systems for magnesium | Kidneys |
| bad things that happen in hypermagnesia (too much magnesium) | hypotension, muscular weakness or paralysis, nausea, vomiting, and altered mental functioning |
| bad things that happen in hypomagnesia (too little magnesium) | weakness, irritability, tetany, delirium, convulsions, confusion, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, paresthesia, and cardiac arrhythmias |
| ranges for chloride Cl- | 98 - 106 mEq/L |
| regulation systems for chloride | renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
| bad things that happen in hyperchloremia (too much chloride) | lethargy, weakness, metabolic acidosis, and rapid, deep breathing |
| bad things that happen in hypochloremia (too little chloride) | muscle spasm, metabolic alkalosis, shallow respirations, hypotension, and tetany |
| ranges for Phosphate (HPO4-) | 1.2 - 3.0 mEq/L |
| regulation systems for phosphate | parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vit D |
| bad things that happen in hyperphosphatemia (too much phosphate) | anorexia, nausea, vomiting, muscular weakness, hyperactive reflexes, tetany, tachycardia |
| bad things that happen in hypophosphatemia (too little phosphate) | confusion, seizures, coma, chest and muscle pain, numbness and tingling of the fingers, decreased coordination, memory loss, and lethargy |
| (CYA card) Ranges for bicarbonate (HCO3) | (CYA card) 22 - 26mEq/L- systemic arterial blood 23 - 27mEq/L- systemic venous blood |
| (CYA card) regulatory systems for bicarbonate | (CYA card) kidneys, protein buffer system, carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, phosphate buffer system, exhalation of CO2 |
| (CYA card) bad things that happen with too much bicarbonate | Alkalosis |
| (CYA card) bad things that happen with too little bicarbonate | acidosis |
| acid-base buffer systems | -carbonic acid-HCO3-(inter&extracellular) -protein buffer(intracellular & blood) -phosphate buffer(intracelluar & urine) |
| common causes of respiratory alkalosis | hyperventilation R/T oxygen defciency, pulmonary disease, CVAs, severe anxiety |
| common causes of metabolic acidosis | diarrhea (loss of excessive HCO3-), accumulation of acid (ketosis), renal dysfunction |
| common causes of metabolic alkalosis | vomiting &/or gastric suctioning(high loss of HCl), use of certain diuretics, excessive intake of alkaline drugs. |
| what happens when you add a hypertonic solution to blood? | fluid leaves the RBCs and goes into the solution (crenation in the extreme) |
| what happens when you add a hypotonic solution to blood? | fluid ENTERS the RBCs from the solution (lysis in the extreme) |
| hydrostatic pressure | the pressure exerted by the weight of fluid w.in a compartment or closed system (the greater pressure in arteries) |
| colloid osmotic pressure | pressure exerted by large molecules, like proteins. (the greater pressure in veins) |
| function of sodium to blood | maintains blood volume |
| functions of sodium to compartments | controls water shifting btwn compartments |
| functions of sodium to nerves | major cation involved in Na-K pum necessary for nerve impulse conduction |
| functions of sodium to muscles | interacts with calcium to maintain muscle contraction |
| functions of sodium to buffer systems | major cation in bicarbonate and phosphate acid=base buffer system |
| functions of potassium to osmolality | affects osmolality |
| functions of potassium to nerves | major cation involved in Na-K pump necessary for nerve impulse conduction |
| functions of potassium to heart and skeletal muscles | promotes nerve impulse conduction, esp in heart and skeletal muscles |
| functions of potassium to metabolism | assists in conversion of carb to energy and amino acids into proteins |
| functions of potassium to liver | promotes glycogen storage in liver |
| functions of potassium to buffer systems | assists maintenance of acide-base balance thru cellular exchange with H+ |
| functions of calcium to skeletal system | nonionized form promotes strong bones and teeth |
| functions of calcium to blood | promotes blood coagulation |
| functions of calcium to nerves | promotes nerve impulse conduction, decreases neuromuscular irritability |
| functions of calcium to cells | stregthens and thickens cell membrane |
| functions of calcium to metabolism, part 1 | assists in absorption and utilization of vit. B12 |
| functions of calcium to metabolism, part 2 | activates enzymes for many chemical reactions |
| functions of calcium r/t sodium | inhibits cell membrane permeability to sodium |
| function of calcium to muscles | activates actin-myosin muscle contraction |
| functions of magnesium to metabolism, 1 | promotes metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins |
| functions of magnesium to metabolism, 2 | activates many enzymes |
| functions of magnesium metabolism, 3 | promotes regulation of Ca, PO4, & K |
| functions of magnesium to nerves | promotes nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction, and heart function |
| functions of magnesium on cells, 1 | powers Na-K pump |
| functions of magnesium on cells, 2 | promotes conversion of ATP to ADP for energy release |
| functions of chloride to muscles | inhibits smooth muscle contraction |
| functions of chloride to fluid compartments | regulates extracellular fluid volume |
| functions of chloride to buffer systems | promotes acid-base balance thru exchange with bicarbonate in RBCs |
| functions of chloride to digestion | promotes protein digestion thru HCl acid, acid pH required for activation of protease |
| functions of phosphate to bones | nonionized from promotes bone and teeth rigidity |
| functions of phosphate to buffer-systems | promotes acid-base balance thru phosphate buffer system |
| functions of phosphate to metabolism | necessary for ATP production |
Created by:
gfcfnina
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