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Janet- Chp 46
Janet- Test 3- Chp. 46- Fluids
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acid | |
| acidosis | |
| active transport | is a process that requires energy for the movement of substances through a cell membrane from an area of lesser solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration |
| agglutinin | |
| alkalosis | |
| anions | ions that develop a negative charge |
| antibody | |
| antigen | |
| autologous transfusion | |
| base | |
| buffer | |
| cation | Some ions develop a positive charge |
| colloid osmotic pressure | |
| cross-matching | |
| diffusion | is the tendency of solutes to move freely throughout a solvent. The solute moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (ie, “downhill”) until equilibrium is established |
| edema | |
| electrolytes | Substances capable of breaking into electrically charged ions when dissolved in a solution |
| filtration | is the passage of fluid through a permeable membrane. Passage is from an area of high pressure to one of lower pressure. Capillary filtration results from the force of blood “pushing” against the walls of the capillaries. |
| hydrostatic pressure | The “pushing” force is referred to as hydrostatic pressure. When the hydrostatic pressure inside the capillary exceeds the surrounding interstitial space, fluids and solutes are forced out of the capillary wall into the interstitial space. In contrast, wh |
| hypercalcemia | an excess of calcium in ECF. Hypercalcemia is an emergency situation because the condition often leads to cardiac arrest. Two major causes of hypercalcemia are cancer and hyperparathyroidism. |
| hyperkalemia | refers to an excess of potassium in ECF. Although this condition occurs less frequently than hypokalemia, it can be hazardous. Nerve conduction as well as muscle contractility can be affected. A variety of cardiac irregularities may result, including card |
| hypermagnesemia | a magnesium excess in the ECF. It can occur especially in end-stage renal failure when the kidneys fail to excrete magnesium or from excessive magnesium intake (use of magnesium-containing antacids or laxatives). |
| hypernatremia | a surplus of sodium in ECF that can result from excess water loss or an overall excess of sodium. Because of the increased extracellular osmotic pressure, fluids move from the cells, causing them to shrink and leaving them without sufficient fluid. The ce |
| hyperphosphatemia | above-normal serum concentrations of phosphorus in the ECF. Common causes are associated with impaired kidney excretion and hypoparathyroidism. |
| hypertonic | solution has a greater osmolarity than plasma (>295 mOsm/L). Because a hypertonic solution has a greater osmolarity, water moves out of the cells and is drawn into the intravascular compartment, causing the cells to shrink. |
| hypervolemia | |
| hypocalcemia | a calcium deficit in ECF. Common causes related to a calcium deficit involve inadequate calcium intake, impaired calcium absorption, and excessive calcium loss. Common signs of hypocalcemia include numbness and tingling of fingers, muscle cramps, and teta |
| hypokalemia | a potassium deficit in ECF and is a common electrolyte abnormality. These electrolyte shifts influence normal cellular functioning, the pH of ECF, and the functions of most body systems, including the cardiovascular system. Skeletal muscles are the first |
| hypomagnesemia | a magnesium deficit in the ECF. This abnormality may lead to heart block, change in mental status, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes (DTRs), and respiratory paralysis. |
| hyponatremia | a sodium deficit in ECF caused by a loss of sodium or a gain of water. Fluid moves from concentrated ECF compartment to the ICF space. This shift of fluid can lead to swelling of the cells and cerebral edema. Seizures and permanent neurological damage can |
| hypophosphatemia | a below-normal serum concentration of phosphorus in the ECF. Although this may indicate phosphorus deficiency, multiple factors may lower serum phosphate levels while total-body phosphorus stores are normal. Such conditions as hyperventilation, insulin re |
| hypotonic | solution has less osmolarity than plasma (<275 mOsm/L). Because of a lower osmolarity, a hypotonic solution in the intravascular space moves out of the intravascular space and into intracellular fluid, causing cells to swell and possibly burst |
| hypovolemia | |
| ion | is an atom or molecule carrying an electrical charge |
| isotonic | solution that has about the same concentration of particles, or osmolarity, as plasma (between 275 and 295 mOsm/L) |
| osmolarity | The concentration of particles in a solution, or its pulling power |
| osmosis | the major method of transporting body fluids. |
| pH | |
| solutes | are substances that are dissolved in a solution. The solutes are electrolytes and nonelectrolytes |
| solvents | are liquids that hold a substance in solution. Water is the primary solvent in the body |
| typing | |
| Fluid | comprised of water and dissolved substances in the form of electrolytes, gases, and nonelectrolytes, is the main constituent of the body |
| Water in the body functions primarily to: | Provide a medium for transporting nutrients to cells and wastes from cells, and for transporting substances such as hormones, enzymes, blood platelets, and red and white blood cells. -Facilitate cellular metabolism and proper cellular chemical functioning |
| total-body water or fluid refers to | the total amount of water, which is approximately 50% to 60% of body weight in a healthy person |
| intracellular fluid (ICF) | is the fluid within cells, constituting about 70% of the total-body water or 40% of the adult's body weight |
| extracellular fluid (ECF) | is all the fluid outside the cells, accounting for about 30% of the total-body water or 20% of the adult's body weight. ECF includes intravascular and interstitial fluids |
| Intravascular fluid, or plasma, is the | liquid component of the blood (ie, fluid found within the vascular system). |
| Interstitial fluid is the | fluid that surrounds tissue cells and includes lymph |
| an infant has considerably more | total-body fluid and ECF than does an adult |
| Because ECF is more easily lost from the body than ICF, infants are more prone to | fluid volume deficits |
| Fat cells contain little water, whereas lean tissue is | rich in water |
| Sodium (Na+): | chief electrolyte of ECF that moves easily between intravascular and interstitial spaces and moves across cell membranes by active transport; influential in many chemical reactions in the body, particularly in nervous tissue cells and muscle tissue cells |
| function of Na+ | Controls and regulates the volume of body fluidsMaintains water balance throughout the bodyIs the primary regulator of ECF volumeInfluences ICF volumeParticipates in the generation and transmission of nerve impulsesIs an essential electrolyte in the sodiu |
| Potassium (K+): | Potassium (K+): major cation of ICF working in reciprocal fashion with sodium (eg, an excessive intake of sodium resulting in an excretion of potassium, and vice versa) |
| function of K+ | Is the chief regulator of cellular enzyme activity and cellular water contentPlays a vital role in such processes as the transmission of electric impulses, particularly in nerve, heart, skeletal, intestinal, and lung tissue; protein and carbohydrate metab |
| Calcium (Ca2+): | most abundant electrolyte in the body, with up to 99% of the total amount of calcium in the body found in bones and teeth in ionized form; close link between concentrations of calcium and phosphorus |
| function of Calcium (Ca2+): | Is necessary for nerve impulse transmission and blood clottingIs a catalyst for muscle contractionIs needed for vitamin B12 absorption and for its use by body cellsActs as a catalyst for many cell chemical activitiesIs necessary for strong bones and teeth |
| Magnesium (Mg2+): | most of cation magnesium found within body cells—heart, bone, nerve, and muscle tissues; second most important cation in the ICF |
| function of Magnesium (Mg2+): | Is important for the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteinsIs important for many vital reactions involving enzymesIs necessary for protein and DNA synthesis, DNA and RNA transcription, and translation of RNAMaintains normal intracellular levels of potas |
| Chloride (Cl-): | chief extracellular anion, found in blood, interstitial fluid, and lymph and in minute amounts in ICF |
| function of Chloride (Cl-): | Acts with sodium to maintain the osmotic pressure of the bloodPlays a role in the body's acid-base balanceHas important buffering action when oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in red blood cellsIs essential for the production of hydrochloric acid in gast |
| Bicarbonate (HCO3-): | an anion that is the major chemical base buffer within the body; found in both ECF and ICF |
| function of Bicarbonate (HCO3-): | Is essential for acid-base balance; bicarbonate and carbonic acid constitute the body's primary buffer system |
| Phosphate (PO4-): | the major anion in body cells; a buffer anion in both ICF and ECF |
| function of Phosphate (PO4-): | Helps maintain the body's acid-base balanceIs involved in important chemical reactions in the body; eg, phosphorus is necessary for many B vitamins to be effective, helps promote nerve and muscle action, and plays a role in carbohydrate metabolismIs impor |
| organic acid anions | such as lactic acid, which is a major anion, normally have an intermediary role in cell metabolism |
| Molecules in the body's chemical compounds that remain intact are called | nonelectrolytes, for example, urea and glucose are nonelectrolytes. |
| The process of osmosis stops when | the concentration of solutes has been equalized on both sides of the cell membrane |
| The ECF provides | nourishment to each body cell and receives each cell's waste products |
| The most common routes for transporting materials to and from intracellular compartments are | osmosis, diffusion, active transport, and filtration, described in the following sections. |
| The greater the difference in the concentration of the two solutions on each side of a semipermeable membrane, | the greater the osmotic pressure or drawing power of water. |
| The milliequivalent (mEq) is the unit of measure that describes the | chemical activity of electrolytes. One milliequivalent of either a cation or an anion is chemically equivalent to the activity of 1 mg of hydrogen |
| For homeostasis, the total cations in the body are | normally equal to the total anions. |
| If Gastric juice is lost this will occur | Extracellular fluid volume deficit, Metabolic alkalosis, Sodium deficit, Potassium deficit, Tetany (if alkalosis is present), Ketosis of starvation,Magnesium deficit |
| If Pancreatic juice is lost this will occur | Metabolic acidosis, Sodium deficit, Calcium deficit, Extracellular fluid volume deficit |
| If Intestinal juice is lost this will occur | Extracellular fluid volume deficit, Metabolic acidosis, Sodium deficit, Potassium deficit |
| If Bile is lost this will occur | Sodium deficit, Metabolic acidosis |
| If Sensible perspiration is lost this will occur | Extracellular fluid volume deficit, Sodium deficit |
| If Insensible water loss is lost this will happen | Water deficit (dehydration), Sodium excess |
| If Gastric juice is lost this will occur | Extracellular fluid volume deficit, Metabolic alkalosis, Sodium deficit, Potassium deficit, Tetany (if alkalosis is present), Ketosis of starvation,Magnesium deficit |
| If Pancreatic juice is lost this will occur | Metabolic acidosis, Sodium deficit, Calcium deficit, Extracellular fluid volume deficit |
| If Intestinal juice is lost this will occur | Extracellular fluid volume deficit, Metabolic acidosis, Sodium deficit, Potassium deficit |
| If Bile is lost this will occur | Sodium deficit, Metabolic acidosis |
| If Sensible perspiration is lost this will occur | Extracellular fluid volume deficit, Sodium deficit |
| If Insensible water loss is lost this will happen | Water deficit (dehydration), Sodium excess |
| If Wound exudate is lost this will happen | Protein deficit, Sodium deficit, Extracellular fluid volume deficit |
| If Ascites is lost this will happen | Protein deficit, Sodium deficit, Plasma-to-interstitial fluid shift, Extracellular fluid volume deficit |
| Potassium functions as the | Major cation of intracellular fluid |
| Plasma, the liquid constituent of blood, is correctly identified as | Intravascular fluid |
| The movement of the solvent water from an area of lesser solute concentration to an area of greater solute concentration until equilibrium is established is known as | Osmosis |
| Which of the following would the nurse use as the most reliable indicator of a patient's fluid balance status? | Daily weight |
| Which acid–base imbalance would the nurse suspect after assessing the following arterial blood gas values (pH, 7.30; PaCO2, 36 mm Hg; HCO3-, 14 mEq/L)? | Metabolic acidosis |
| a patient in the hospital, has been encouraged to increase her fluid intake. What measure would be most effective for the nurse to implement? | Keeping fluids readily available for the patient |
| Do not use the antecubital veins if another vein is available because | They are not a good choice for infusion because flexion of the patient's arm can displace the IV catheter over time. By avoiding the antecubital veins for peripheral venous catheters, a PICC line may be inserted at a later time, if needed. |
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Megaroo2222
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