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33 Geriatric nursing
health promotion and care of the older adult
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Young-old | ages 55-74 |
| Old-old | 75 and older |
| Frail elderly | older than 75 with health concernsq |
| centenarians | older than 100 years of age |
| Chronologic age | age of an induvidual expressed as a period of time that has elapsed since birth |
| ageism | a profound perdijust agianst older adults |
| pruitis | dryness and itching of the skin |
| shearing forces | forces that produce injury by a shearing strain ex slidding on a rough surface or moisture from incontinence |
| dysphagia | difficulty swallowing |
| nocturia | excessive urination at night |
| orthostatic hypotension | changes in blood pressure upon lying sitting or standing |
| caudication | cramping pain in calves |
| kyphosis | abnormal curve in the upper spine |
| presbyopia | farsightedness due to the loss of elasticity in the lens of the eye |
| presbycusis | hearingloss |
| senile | the state of mental and physical disorientation associated with aging |
| dementia | defined as a progressive impairment of intellectual function that interfers with normal social and occupational activities |
| ataxia | impaired ability to cordinate movement |
| akinesia | an abnormal state of motor and psychic hypo activity |
| hemiplegia | parilysis on one side of the body |
| dysarthia | poor speech resulting from interference in the control over the muscles in control of speech |
| aphasia | defective or absent language due to injury to the cerbreal cortex |
| Integumentary System Changes | v The hair loses pigment; the nails become thicker, and the skin becomes thinner, less elastic, and drier. v Body hair becomes more sparse. The thinner skin tears easily and is less able to sweat or darken in response to heat and light. |
| Skeletal System Changes | The body loses bone mass with aging,v Women lose30 percent due to a lack of estrogen. Men lose about 10 percent. It is most common for the hip to fracture. |
| Osteoporosis | a condition in which bones are porous and brittle |
| Muscular System | Muscles atrophy and lose strength with agingThe tissues become less elasticSome of the muscle tissue is replaced by fat |
| Gastrointestinal System | Digestion is less effective due to decreased peristalsis and gastric secretions. v The loss of taste, lack of teeth, and chewing ability, and decrease in salvia can result in poor breakdown of food for digestion.v Decreased muscle tone of the digestive tr |
| Urinary System | Stress incontinence is the dribbling of urine when abdominal pressure is increased.Loss of muscle tone in the urinary bladder may cause retention of residual urine after voiding.Older males may experience enlargement of the prostate gland, which causes di |
| Cardiovascular System | The heart muscle becomes weaker, so cardiac output is diminished. The heart may enlarge as it attempts to work harder to pump the blood.Blood pressure increases due to loss of elasticity in the blood vesselsAtherosclerosis causes narrowing of blood vesse |
| Respiratory System | Total breathing volume of an older adult is about half that of a younger adult.Lung tissue is less elastic and the alveoli are enlarged.The cilia are less effective in sweeping mucus up and out of the throat.The muscles of the chest are less elastic causi |
| Endocrine System | The body produces hormones in lower amountsInsulin production is decreased causing elevated blood glucose levels. This eventually causes Diabetes Mellitus.Hormones responsible for producing immune responses are less active. |
| Nervous System | The brain decreases in size and the amount of water in the brain also decreases.Receptors for pain, heat, cold, and pressure decrease in sensitivity.Loss of balance may occur more easily because of reduced sensation and response. |
| Special Senses | v Taste and smell are less accurate in about 30 percent of the aging population.v Clouding of the lens of the eye may occur. (cataract) |
| Reproductive System | v Females produce less estrogen during and after menopause.v Males produce less testosterone, which may cause slower erection and ejaculation. |
| Cognitive Changes due to aging | v Memory deficits may be found in older adults.v It may be helpful to give verbal cues to older adults to help them recall recent information.v When teaching geriatric patients and new skill of explaining new information do so with slow clear speech. The |
| Psychosocial Issues for Older Adults | The primary conflict of the older adult, according to Erickson is integrity vs. despair.One concern of older adults are living arrangements.Another area of concern is financial stability and social needs.Dignity and self esteem needs are important for ger |
| Signs of Elder Abuse | Unexplained injuries or bruisingInjuries or bruises that are not compatible with the stated causeEvidence of neglect-lack of hygiene, unexplained weight loss, unexplained dehydrationEvidence that the patient is fearful of caregiversEvidence of cruelty or |
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