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ROC 121
CNS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Functions of the Nervous System | Sensory – senses changes within and outside the body |
| Nervous system Divided into two principle parts | Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | Consists of brain & spinal cord Control center for the entire system All body sensations must be relayed to the CNS in order to be acted upon |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | Consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves Contains nerves that connect the CNS to other parts of the body Divided into: 1. Somatic (voluntary) 2. Autonomic (involuntary) a. Sympathetic division b. Para-sympathetic division |
| Functions of a Neuron | efficient and rapid transmission of neural signals that travel electrically from one neuron to another |
| Parts of a Neuron | Cell body – contains the nucleus 2. Dendrites – transmit impulses toward the cell body 3. Axon – transmits impulses away from the cell body |
| 2 Principle Cells | 1.Glial cells (collectively known as neuralgia) – connective tissue, do not transmit impulses; provide structural support for neurons |
| CNS | Composed of 40% gray matter and 60% white matter Gray matter: contains nerve cells and related processes Forms the cortex of the cerebrum and surrounds white matter White matter: Composed of nerve fibers that transmit impu |
| The Brain | Weighs ~ 3-4 lbs. Cranial bones, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid provide protection for the brain Composed of two cerebral hemispheres and two cerebellar hemispheres |
| Brain | Supratentorial & Infratentorial regions contain the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres The tentorium (a fold of dura mater or outer covering of the brain) separates the two hemispheres |
| Tentorium | Supratentorial region contains cerebral hemispheres, sella, pineal, and upper brain stem Infratentorial region houses the brain stem, pons, medulla, and cerebellum |
| Blood Supply to the Brain | Vertebral and carotid arteries supply the brain with blood via the Circle of Willis, which is located at the base of the brain It is also well supplied with oxygen, nutrients, and energy-rich glucose |
| Principle Parts of the Brain | Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain |
| Forebrain: Cerebrum | Largest part of the brain Outer covering is composed of gray matter called the cerebral cortex, which is arranged in folds or convolutions containing billions of neurons Deep groves between the folds are called fissures |
| Forebrain: Cerebrum | Longitudinal fissure – divides cerebrum into right & left hemispheres Hemispheres are connected by large bundles of transverse fibers called the corpus collosum, a band of ~200 million neurons |
| Cerebral Hemispheres | Right and Left Cerebral Hemispheres Each hemisphere is divided into lobes Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital |
| Functions of the lobes | Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving Parietal Lobe- associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli |
| Functions of the lobes | Occipital Lobe- associated with visual processing Temporal Lobe- associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech |
| Forebrain: Diencephalon | Thalamus Principle relay station for sensory impulses that reach the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum…etc. Produces recognition of the sensations of pain, temperature, pressure |
| Forebrain: Diencephalon | Hypothalamus Located inferior to the thalamus; regulates visceral functions, such as temperature, reproductive functions, eating, sleeping and the display of emotion |
| Forebrain: Limbic System | Includes the amygdala and hippocampus Also known as the 'emotional brain', the limbic system is important in the formation of memories and in controlling emotions, decisions, motivation and learning |
| Midbrain (Mesencephalon | Short constricted portion of brain, connects the pons and cerebellum with the cerebrum |
| Midbrain (Mesencephalon | Cerebral aqueduct passes thru the midbrain, connecting the 3rd & 4th ventricle Located in dorsal portion is corpora quadrigemina, the reflex center for auditory & visual responses |
| Functions of the Nervous System | Integrative – analyzes sensory information, stores some aspects, and makes decisions regarding appropriate behaviors Motor – responds to stimuli by initiating muscular contractions or glandular secretions |
| 2 Principle Cells | Brief interruption of blood flow may cause unconsciousness Interruption for 1-2 minutes may impair cells Totally deprived ~4minutes many are permanently damaged |
| Hindbrain | Cerebellum Pons Medulla Oblongata |
| Hindbrain: Cerebellum | Second largest portion of the brain Shaped like a butterfly |
| Hindbrain: Cerebellum | Central constricted area is the vermis, “lateral wings” or lobes are called the cerebellar hemispheres |
| Hindbrain: Cerebellum | Motor area of the brain: produces unconscious movements in skeletal (voluntary) muscles Movements are required for coordination, maintaining posture, keeping body on its center of gravity ( balance) Aids in maintaining muscle tone |
| Hindbrain: Pons | Lies above the medulla, anterior to the cerebellum Bridge connecting the spinal cord with the brain and parts of the brain with each other |
| 2 Principle Cells | 2. Neurons – or nerve cells – structural and functional unit of the nervous system; conduct impulses from one part of the body to another |
| 2 Principle Cells | 6 types: CNS PNS astrocytes neurolemmocytes ogliodendrocytes satellite cells microglia ependymal |
| Hindbrain: Medulla Oblongata | A continuation of the superior portion of the spinal cord Forms the inferior part of the brainstem Serves as an organ of conduction b/w spinal cord and brain |
| Hindbrain: Medulla Oblongata | 3 vital centers located in the medulla Cardiac center Respiratory center Vasoconstrictor |
| Hindbrain: Medulla Oblongata | Other centers include: swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, and blinking reflexes Hard blows to the vase of the skull can be fatal |
| Brainstem | Connects the brain and spinal cord Consists of: medulla oblongata, pons midbrain |
| Spinal Cord | Transmits impulses to and from the brain Extends from medulla oblongata to superior border of 2nd lumbar vertebra Cylindrical in shape |
| Spinal Cord | Approx. 42-45cm (16-18inches) long |
| Spinal Cord | Like the brain it is cushioned and protected by meninges that extend to ~S2 ending with: Filum Terminale and Cauda Equina |
| Spinal Cord | Filum terminale – extension of the pia mater, anchors spinal cord to coccyx Cauda equina – end of the cord, resembles wisps of coarse hair flowing from the end of the cord |
| Coverings of Brain and Spinal Cord | Consists of membranes known as meninges |
| Coverings of Brain and Spinal Cord | Dura Mater - outer layer Arachnoid - middle layer Pia mater - inner layer Between arachnoid and pia mater is a subarachnoid space that contains cerebrospinal fluid |
| Ventricles and Cerebral Spinal Fluid | Entire CNS contains ~3-5oz. Of CSF Clear, colorless fluid Nourishes and protects the brain against chemical and physical injury |
| Ventricles and Cerebral Spinal | Circulates through the subarachnoid space, around the brain & spinal cord, and through cavities w/in the brain & spinal cord |
| Ventricles - 4 CSF filled cavities in the brain | 2 lateral - located in each cerebral hemisphere under the corpus callosum |
| Ventricles - 4 CSF filled cavities in the brain | The 3rd ventricle - slit-like cavity b/w right & left lateral ventricles; each lateral ventricle communicates with 3rd ventricle thru the Foramen of Monro or interventricular foramen |
| Ventricles - 4 CSF filled cavities in the brain | The 4th ventricle - lies b/w cerebellum, medulla, and pons; communicates with the 3rd ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct or Aqueduct of Sylvius. |
| Ventricles - 4 CSF filled cavities in the brain | In the roof of the 4th ventricle are openings called Foramen of Magendie |
| Ventricles - 4 CSF filled cavities in the brain | in lateral walls are two openings called the Foramen of Luschka - thru these foramen the 4th ventricle communicates w/the brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Connects the CNS to other parts of the body by hundreds of miles of nerve fibers Signals move in milliseconds |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Divided into 2 portions: Somatic (voluntary) Autonomic (involuntar |
| Somatic Nervous Sytem | Made up of spinal & cranial nerves |
| Somatic Nervous Sytem | Consists of motor fibers that run from the CNS to skin and skeletal muscles and back to the CNS It is involved in conscious activities |
| Spinal Nerves | 31 pairs of spinal nerves serve as pathways of communication between the spinal cord and most of the body |
| Spinal Nerves | Named for region of vertebral column from which they emerge: 8 pairs of cervical 12 pairs of thoracic 5 pairs of lumbar 5 pairs of sacral 1 pair of coccygeal |
| Spinal Nerves | Each nerve is connected to the cord by 2 roots: Posterior or dorsal Anterior or Ventral root |
| Spinal Cord Roots | Posterior or Dorsal root – contains sensory nerve fibers; conducts nerve impulses from the periphery into the spinal cord |
| Spinal Cord Roots | Anterior or Ventral root – contains motor neuron axons and conducts impulses away from the spinal cord to the periphery |
| Cranial Nerves | 12 pairs numbered in order as they arise from the brain |
| Autonomic Nervous System | Consists of nerves that connect the CNS to the visceral organs such as the heart, stomach, and intestines Mediates unconscious activities Controlled by the hypothalamus |
| Autonomic Nervous System | Drives lungs to breath Maintains blood pressure Controls heart rate Keeps intestines working Responsible for alerting us - causes hands & feet to sweat when nervous Controls internal environment |
| Autonomic Nervous System Division | 2 divisions: 1. Sympathetic - 2. Parasympathetic |
| Autonomic Nervous System Division | Sympathetic-known as an emergency system - Influenced by external environment - Increases heart activity - Fear, anger, severe pain, loss of blood and other forms of physical danger strongly stimulate the sympathetic system |
| Parasympathetic-- primarily concerned with activities that deal with restoration and conservation of bodily energy and with elimination of wastes |
Created by:
Carmen Rebecca
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