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nutrition
ch. 6 = proteins
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 5 different types of proteins? | enzymes, antibodies, transport vehicles, hormones, buffers |
| What are the kinds of transport vehicles? | oxygen carrierscellular pumps |
| Does protein serve as a working or strucural molecule? | BOTH |
| In what ways is protein a structural molecule? | collagen, tendons/ligaments, fibers of muscles, filaments of hair, nail material |
| What are proteins made out of? | amino acids |
| What are amino acids made of? | nitrogen-containing amine group, acid group, side chain attached to the carbon |
| What influence does the side chain of an amino acid have? | size, shape, electrical charge, protein's chemical behavior |
| The 9 Essential Amino Acids: | Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methlonine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine |
| The 11 Nonessential Amino Acids: | alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine |
| What is a conditionally essential amino acid? | normally essential, but when the need for it exceeds the body's ability to produce it, the amino acid must be supplied by diet |
| Are amino acids recycled? | food and body proteins are dismantled to liberate amino acids for reuse |
| what are peptide bonds? | they connect one amino acid to another in a protein |
| where are peptide bonds located? | between the amine group of one acid and the acid group of the other acid |
| how does the shape of a protein affect it? | the shape affects the ability of a protein to perform a task |
| where are globular proteins found? | in the blood |
| what three main structures do proteins form? | globular proteins, hollow balls, fibrous structures |
| what purpose do proteins that form hollow balls serve? | they are able to carry and store materials |
| what is collagen? | structural protein from which connective tissues are made |
| what are enzymes? | protein catalysts, substances that facilitate a chemical reaction without being altered |
| what are hemoglobin? | large, globular proteins made of 4 associated protein strands (each hold an iron atom), and are packed into RBCs and carry oxygen |
| what are hormones? | chemical messengers secreted by many organs in response to conditions that require regulation |
| what are antibodies? | large proteins produced by the immune system, distinguish btw foreign proteins and self proteins, and deactivate/dismantle foreign proteins |
| how do proteins affect fluid/electrolyte balance? | proteins maintain that balance, cells and blood vessels retain internal stores of proteins to maintain the fluid they need (proteins attract water, cannot diffuse across cell) |
| what are transport proteins? | they maintain fluid balance by transferring substances into and out of cells and influencing concentration gradients |
| what is edema? | failure on any part of the fluid balance leading to a swelling of body tissues caused by leakage of fluids from the blood vessels(also a symptom of protein deficiency) |
| how do proteins affect acid/base balance? | normal metabolic processes produce acids and bases continuously, blood proteins act as buffers to maintain blood's pH |
| what are buffers? | blood proteins that maintain the blood's pH |
| what is gene expression? | the production of a protein |
| how does heredity affect gene expression? | each protein is created by an amino acid sequence specified by heredity |
| which cells contain the DNA for creating proteins? | each cell nuclues contains the DNA for making every human protein, but they do not make every protein;specialized cells are responsible for making certain proteins |
| what is the process of protein of synthesis? | 1) dna serves as a template for making mRNA2) mRNA attaches to ribosome3) tRNA collects amino acids, cluster around ribosomes5) amino acids are lined up in the right sequence, ribosome moves down mRNA6) protein is released, mRNA is degraded or reused |
| what is sickle-cell disease? | abnormal hemoglobin protein as a result of incorrect amino acid sequencing;RBCs collapse and are unable to carry oxygen;valine instead of glutamic acid |
| what happens when there are too many RBCs in the blood? | abnormal clotting, severe pain, susceptibility to infection, strokes, premature death |
| how do nutrients affect gene expression? | cells monitor concentrations of nutrients in surrounding fluid, concentration can trigger a cell to either express or suppress certain genes |
| what does the pancreas do in response to blood glucose concentration? | synthesizes either insulin or glucose |
| how do RBCs react to the blood's iron concentration? | when iron stores run low, immature RBCs reduce hemoglobin synthesisabundant iron stimulates hemoglobin synthesis |
| what is protein denaturation? | irreversible change in a protein's shape; essential for protein digestiona and absorption |
| what causes protein denaturation? | heat, acids/bases, alcohols, salts of heavy metals |
| how does the mouth participate in protein digestion? | proteins are crushed by chewing, moistened by saliva, no digestion occurs |
| how does the stomach participate in protein digestion? | gastric juices begin denaturing proteins so that the stomach's enzymes can cleave peptide bonds |
| how does the small intestine participate in protein digestion? | receives small pieces of protein from the stomach, pancreatic juices neutralize chyme, enzymes from the pancreas and small intestine break down proteins;SI cells contain sites for absorbing different types of amino acids |
| are all peptide molecules completely digested? | no. some enter the bloodstream directly, can act as hormones to regulate body functions, can also stimulate immune response, or play a role in food allergies |
| what happens to digested and absorbed amino acids? | they enter the bloodstream to travel to the liver, they are used by the liver or transported to other cells |
| how do cells use amino acids picked up from the bloodstream? | they use them for their own functions, or release proteins into the blood/lymph for other purposes |
| how are proteins involved in growth? | proteins must continuously be made for new tissues: growing embryo, growing child, cell turnover, scar tissue, hair and nails |
| what is protein turnover? | continuous breakdown, synthesis, and recycling of body proteins |
| how much of our amino acids are lost each day? | about 25% of available amino acids are lost |
| can proteins be used for energy? | when there are not enough carbs, amino acids can be broken down to glucose |
| is there specialized storage for protein? | no. |
| what does it mean for an amino acid to be "wasted"? | its amine group has been removed because:1) the body does not have enough energy2) the diet supplies excessive protein or has too many of one amino acid3) diet supplies low quality protein, too few essential amino acids |
| what is amino acid residue used for? | used to meet energy needs, converted to glucose for storage as glycogen, converted to fat for energy storage |
| how does the body adjust if the diet fails to provide enough of an essential amino acid? | the breakdown of working proteins is limited, the use of amino acids for fuel is reduced |
| how does malnutrition affect proteins and they body? | secretion of digestive enzymes is slowed and the GI tract is weakened |
| how does infection affect the need for protein? | protein is necessary for adequate immunie function and response |
| what is thyroxine? | hormone produced by the thyroid, regulates the body's metabolism |
| which hormones does tyrosine have a large role in? | epinephrine and norepinephrine, converted to thyroxine |
| what other substance is tyrosine used for? | melanin |
| what is tryptophan the starting material for? | serotonin (neurotransmitter) |
| what is acidosis? | blood pH become too acidic |
| what is alkalosis? | blood pH becomes too basic |
| what is urea? | substance sent to the kidneys for excretion, liver incorporates disposed amine groups into urea |
| in what order are proteins dismantled if needed? | small proteins from blood, proteins from muscles, liver, and other organs |
| what determines protein quality? | the number of essential amino acids the protein provides |
| what does protein quality affect? | how well a diet supports growth of children and health maintenance of adults |
| what two factors influence protein quality? | protein digestibility, amino acid composition |
| what foods are more easily digested? | animal sources are more easily digested and absorbed:-animal: more than 90%, -legumes: 80-90%, -grains/plants: 70-90% |
| what influences digestibility? | food preparation |
| does cooking with moist heat or dry heat improve protein digestibility? | cooking with moist heat improves protein digestibility |
| what are amino acid pools? | amino acids dissolved in the body's fluids that provide cells with ready raw materials from which to build new proteins |
| what are complementary proteins? | two or more proteins whose amino acid assortments complement each other in a way that the essential amino acids missing from one are supplied by the other |
| what is the Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS)? | scale used to determine protein quality, reflects protein's digestibility and proportions of amino acids, used to calculate DV% |
| what values does the PDCAAS assign to certain foods? | 100 = egg whites, ground beef, tuna (protein), 94 = soybean, 50-60 = legumes, 25 = wheat protein gluten |
| how is the DRI for protein established? | DRI is designed to cover the need to balance protein turnover, depends on body size, minimum 10% of total cal |
| what is nitrogen balance? | the amount of nitrogen consumed compared to the amount excreted over a given time period |
| in what people does a positive nitrogen balance occur? | growing children, pregnant women, person building muscle (more nitrogen being retained than lost) |
| in what people does a negative nitrogen balance occur? | astronaut, surgery patient (more nitrogen lost than being taken in) |
| what are the leading forms of malnutrition in the world? | protein and energy deficiencies (PEM) |
| what is marasmus? | chronic inadequate food intake, inadequate energy, vitamin, mineral, and protein, shriveled and lean body, usually occurs btw 6 and 18 months |
| what is kwashiorkor? | swollen belly (fatty liver, edema) and skin rash, severe acute malnutrition (too little protein) |
| what is the most critical factor in treating marasmus? | fluid balance |
| is overconsumption of protein linked to any disease? | heart disease (homocysteine), kidney disease, bone loss (osteoporosis), cancer |
Created by:
ncolejordan
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