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SOPN FON BOWEL

QuestionAnswer
Process of digestion begins here Mouth
Located at base of esophagus into the stomach, where it prevents reflux of stomach contents Cardiac Sphincter
A secretion of the stomach, helps to digest proteins HCL (Hydrochloric Acid)
Digestive enzyme that acts as a catalyst in chemical breakdown of protein Pepsin
A secretion of the stomach needed for the absorption of B12 Intrinsic Factor
A secretion of the stomach that protects the stomach from HLC and enzyme activity Mucous
Contraction of circular muscular fibers Segmentation
Part of the small intestine -2 ft. long, processes the chyme from the stomach Duodenum
The amount of liquid chyme that moves thru the digestive system every day 7 to 10 liters of liquid chyme
Part of the small intestine, 9 ft. long, absorbs carbohydrates and proteins Jejunum
Part of the small intestine, 12 ft. long, it absorbs fats, bile salts, some water, some vitamins and iron Ileum
Most nutrients and electrolytes are absorbed in these two small intestines Duodenum And Jejunum
5-6 ft. long, primary organ of bowel elimination Large Intestine (colon)
Section of large intestine, a pouch where ileum meets large intestine Cecum
Section of large intestine on the right side of the body Ascending Colon
Section of large intestine that is across the abdomen Transverse Colon
Section of large intestine that is on the left side of the abdominal cavity Sigmoid
Section of the large intestine, that is on the left side of the abdomen Descending Colon
Functions of the colon (large intestine) Absorption, secretion and elimination
Final portion of large intestine, normally is empty until just before defecation Rectum
Permanent dilation, engorgement of veins within lining of rectum Hemorrhoids
Where feces and flatus (gas) are expelled from rectum by contracting of internal and external sphincters Anus
In the GI tract, supplied with sensory nerves that help maintain continence Anus
Normal defecation requires: Normal GI tract function, Sensory awareness of rectal distention, Voluntary sphincter control, Adequate rectal capacity & compliance.
Straining of stool with forced expiration against closed airway - assist in stool passage. Valsalva Maneuver
Lack of enzyme lactose, needed to digest sugars in milk. May lead to diarrhea and cramping Lactose intolerance
Diagnostic test which requires the ingestion of barium Barium Enema
What should the nurse do after the patient has a Barium Enema? Patient should be ordered a laxative, & should increase PO fluid. Nurse watches stool to be sure barium is eliminated. Watch for lightly colored stool.
Liquefies intestinal contents for easier passage Fluid Intake
Soften stool and promote peristalsis Laxatives
Medications that decrease peristalsis Narcotics, Opiates, and Anticholinergics
Medications that may cause diarrhea because they alter the normal bacteria found in the bowels Antibiotics
Medication that inhibit peristalsis Antidiarrheal Agents
Medication that cause stool to turn black, tarry and or green Iron Preparations
Medication that may result in frank blood or occult blood in stool Anticoagulants
Blood that can be seen with the naked eye (see red) Frank blood
Blood is hidden (may smell foul) need to take test for blood in lab Occult blood
Medication that causes white discoloration Antacids
Halts peristalsis (temporarily) Anesthesia
Bowel surgery that may cause halt in peristalis Paralytic Ileus
A condition with fewer bowel movements (BM's) than normal, with difficult passage of hard, dry feces Constipation
Occurs as a result of unrelieved constipation. A collection of hardened stool, becomes wedged in rectum, cannot be expelled Impaction
Increased frequency of passage of loose stool. Fluid & electrolyte imbalances can occur. Also, dehydration & rectal soreness Diarrhea
Age groups that are at risk for diarrhea Elderly and very young
Both of these diseases cause inflammation & ulceration of intestinal walls, decreasing absorption of fluids with increased intestinal mobility. Crohn's disease or Colitis
Removal of all or part of the stomach Gastrectomy
Surgical alteration which decreases the size of the colon Colon Resection
Involuntary passage of stool Bowel Incontinence
Sensation of bloating, abdominal distention, accompanied by excess gas (forces the diaphragm up and decreases lung expansion) Flatulence
Masses of dilated blood vessels lying beneath the lining of the skin fold in the anal mucosa Hemorrhoids
A temporary or permanent artificial opening from the intestine, to the abdominal wall Stoma
An incontinent ostomy which produces a frequent, liquid stool, it bypasses the colon Ileostomy
An incontinent ostomy which almost produces a normal stool Sigmoid colostomy
Incontinent ostomie - usually temporary, large stomas, made in the transverse colon:surgeon pulls a loop of bowel on to the abdomen Loop colostomy
Incontinent ostomie: just the proximal end drains stool- the distal end is either removed, or sewn closed & left in abdomen End Colostomy
Incontinent ostomie: 2 distinct stoma's with separate portions of intestine brought out onto the abdomen Double Barrel colostomy
Continent ostomie: colon is removed: pouch is created & ileum is connected to an intact anal sphincter - there is no ostomy Ileoanal Pull Through
Continent ostomie: restorative proctocolectomy: an internal puch with no external stoma - internal pouch created from ileum Ileoanal Reservoir
Continent ostomie: uses small intestine to create a pouch, there is an ostomy on abdomen, but a one way valve opens with fecal matter Kock Continent Ileostomy
Blood test: a by product of Hemoglobin (HgB) excreted in bile- obstruction of the biliary tract - an increase in direct values Total Bilirubin
Blood test: an enzyme found in many tissues, obstruction of biliary tract Alkaline Phosphatase
Blood loss in stool > 50 mls Melena
Measures microscopic amounts of blood in stool- one positive result does not confirm - should be repeated 3X to be considered positive Guiac Test
Stool analysis to check for bacteria, also test for fecal fat, patient collects stool over 3-5 day period - all stool must be saved Culture and Sensitivity
Adult: normal daily amount of fecal matter eliminated 150 g daily adult
Diagnostic Exam: kidney, ureter, and bladder - is also a plain abdominal x-ray - used for detection of fecal impaction - no prep KUB
Diagnostic Exam: x-ray using opaque contrast dye which patient must drink barium. examines structure & upper GI tract Upper GI (UGI) - Barium Swallow
Diagnostic exam: a lighted, flexible scope which can allow for direct visualization or upper GI tract - can obtain biopsy also Upper Endoscopy
Diagnostic exam: opaque contrast used for exam of lower GI tract - prep NPO after midnight & bowel prep to empty out remaining stool Barium Enema
Diagnostic test: sound waves echo off body organs, creating a picture - prep: depends on organ to be examined Ultrasound
Diagnostic test: endoscopy of colon with colonoscope inserted via rectum - prep: Golytely (drink) Colonoscopy
Diagnostic test; endoscope used to examine the sigmoid colon prep: similar to Barium enema - light sedation may be used Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
Diagnostic test: may be NPO or no prep, patient lies very still, light sedation may be used Cat Scan
Diagnostic test: uses magnetic & radio waves to produce a picture of inside the body, prep NPO 4-6 hrs before test - no metal or jewelry MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Medication: empty the bowel, are stronger than laxatives, more rapid Cathartics
Medication: can cause local irritation to intestinal mucosa, and decrease water re-absorption of the large intestine Stimulant Cathartics
Medication; cause water to be reabsorbed by the fecal mass (salt prep not absorbed by intestines) Saline or Osmotic Agents
Medication: examples of Saline or Osmotic Agents MOM (Magnesium Hydroxide) & Sodium Phosphate
Medication: also called stool softeners - are detergents which decrease the surface tension of feces Wetting Agents
Medication: a stool softener which the nurse has to watch if on sodium restriction Docusate Sodium
Medication: a stool softener which renal patients can not take Dioctyl Calcium Sulfosuccinate
Medication: SAFEST OF ALL CATHARTICS - nurse should encourage plenty of fluid intake if used Bulk Laxatives
Medication: example of bulk agent (laxative) Metamucil
Medication: soften fecal mass, decrease strain of defecation. Good for patients with hemmorrhoids Lubricants
Medication: will cause lipid soluble pneumonia if aspirated. Difficult to treat - be sure patient can swallow well Mineral oil
Anti-Diarrheals: most effective: decreases intestinal muscle tone to slow passage of feces Opiates
Enema: promote complete evacuation of feces from the colon Cleansing Enemas
Enema: use only castile soap SSE Soap Suds Enema
Enema: is the safest, same osmotic pressure as fluids in interstitial space around bowel Normal Saline Enema
Enema: low volume hypertonic saline Fleets
Enema: lubricate rectum and colon. Oil is absorbed by feces, to become soft and easy to pass - patient must hold at least 30 min Oil Retention Enema
Enema: used to treat patients with dangerously high potassium levels (K+) Kayexolate
Enema: position of patient when administering Patient lies on left side lying, or semi prone or Sims position. Semi prone with right knee flexed
Medications: absorb water, adding size to fecal mass. Bulk Forming Laxatives: (Metamucil)
Medications: irritate bowel to increase peritalsis Stimulant: (Dulcolax, Exlax, Correctol, Castor Oil)
Medications: cause water to be retained in fecal mass, to cause more watery stool Saline/Osmotic/Surfactant: (Colace, Surfak)
Lubricates stool Mineral oil
Medications: absorb water, adding size to fecal mass. Bulk Forming Laxatives: (Metamucil)
Medications: irritate bowel to increase peritalsis Stimulant: (Dulcolax, Exlax, Correctol, Castor Oil)
Medications: cause water to be retained in fecal mass, to cause more watery stool Saline/Osmotic/Surfactant: (Colace, Surfak)
Lubricates stool Mineral oil
Valsalva Maneuver can be dangeros - due to increased pressure for patients with: Cardiovascular disease, Glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure. new surgical wounds, can cause cardiac irregularity I increased BP
Diet: increased peristalsis High Fiber Foods: raw vegetables, cabbage, spinach, whole grains
Diet: decrease peristalsis Low fiber foods: pasta, lean meats, milk
Diet:Gas producing foods increase peristalis Broccoli, cauliflower, onions, and dried beans
Decreases colon motility Immoblization
Increases peristalis Exercise
Bowel Surgery: in all Post -Op Patients: Nurses are constantly assessing BOWEL SOUNDS - Keep patient NPO until bowel sounds return (12-24 hours)
Fecal Frequency: Normal 1 x daily or 2-3 x a week
Fecal Frequency: Abnormal more than 3X a day, HYPER MOTILITY
Fecal constituents: Normal Undigested food, dead bacteria, fat, bile pigment, mucous cells
Fecal constituents: Abnormal Excess fat, due to malabsorption, enteritis, pancreatic disease, surgery resection of intestine
Full of stool FOS
Instillation of a preparation into the rectum or sigmoid colon causes: Breaks up fecal mass, stimulates peritalis, streches rectal wall, initiates the defecation reflux
Created by: betty boop
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