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Circulatory System
Chap.6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Heart Structure | Layers Chambers Valves Coronary Arteries |
| Layers of Heart (3) | Epicardium -Thin outer layer Myocardium -Middle Muscle layer Endocardium -Inner layer lining the circulatory system |
| Chamber of Heart (2) | Atria -Upper Ventricles -Lower |
| Right Atrium | Receives deoxygenated blood from body via superior & inferior vena cava |
| Right Ventricle | Receives blood from the right ATRIUM & pumps to LUNGS |
| Left Atrium | Receives oxygenated blood FROM lungs |
| Left Ventricle | Receives Blood from left ATRIUM & pumps to the AORTA |
| Valves | Atrioventricular -Enters to the ventricles -Tricuspid -Bicuspid / Mitral Semilunar Valve -Exits the ventricles -Pulmonary -Aortic |
| Coronary Arteries | Branch off the Aorta to feed Heart (L & R) |
| Pulmonary Circulation | -Carries blood from heart to lungs -Reoxygenates blood |
| Systemic Circulation | -Carries oxygenated blood along with nutritions to all cells of body - Removes waste products from all cells |
| Blood Vessels | Arteries Veins Capillaries |
| Blood Vessels Structure | Layers * thicker in arteries than veins -Tunica Adventitia OUTER LAYER Made up of connective tissues -Tunica Media MIDDLE LAYER Made of smooth muscle tissues & some elastic fibers -Tunica Intima INNER LAYER/ LINING |
| Arteries | -Carry blood AWAY from heart -Under pressure from ventricular contractions -Pulse distinguishes arteries from veins |
| Veins | -Returns blood TO heart -Carries deoxygenated blood (Bluish-Red) -Walls thinner -- collapsing |
| Lumen | Internal space of a blood vessel through which blood flows |
| Valves | -Venous valves = thin -Valves help keep blood flowing toward the heart by allowing blood to flow in one direction |
| Capillaries | -Microscopic -One cell thick -Connects veins & arteries -Blood is a mixture of venous and arterial blood -Thin walls = exchange of O2 and nutrients for carbon dioxide and waste |
| Major Veins in Antecubital Fossa | 1. Medial cubital 2. Cephalic 3. Basilic |
| Medial Cubital | Middle -Large - Well-anchored -Closer to surface -least painful |
| Cephalic | Thumb -Fairly well-anchored -Difficult to palpate |
| Basilic | Pinky -More Painful -Above brachial & next to median cubital nerve -Easy to find-- not well anchored |
| Blood Specimen | -Plasma-Fluid from whole blood specimen -Serum- Fluid after blood clots -Whole Blood- Blood in the same form found as in the body |
| Plasma | -Will separate in 3 layers -Clear - slightly hazy, yellow -Plasma contains Fibrinogen & other coagulation factors -Used for coagulation test -No anticoagulant added to blood- will lcot |
| Serum | -Blood will clot within 30-40 mins. -NOT used in coagulation test -clear, pale, yellow remains |
| Whole Blood | -Same form from body -Anticoagulant added = blood won' clot -Some test require whole blood ( Mostly-- Hematology [CBC], blood gasses) -Mix at least 2 mins. before testing |
| Hemostasis | -Natural coagulation process -Keep blood within cardiovascular system when injuries to blood vessel walls |
| Steps of Hemostasis | 1. Primary 2. Secondary |
| Primary Hemostasis | Stage 1: Vasoconstriction -Less blood loss Step 2: Platelet Plug Formation -Temporary plug of platelets |
| Secondary Hemostasis | Stage 3: Fibrin Clot Formation -Better plug for bigger injuries that platelets cannot hold Stage 4: Fibrinolysis -Dissolving of the clot after the site has healed |
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