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define EMA
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What does the mastoid process (tip) correspond with?
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cervical & thoracic
positioning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define EMA | External Acoustic Meatus |
| What does the mastoid process (tip) correspond with? | level of C1 |
| What does the angle of the jaw or gonion correspond with? | C3 |
| What does the thyroid cartage or adams apple correspond with? | C5 (thyroid cartilage between C4-C6) |
| What does the vertebral prominens C7 correspond with? | Body of T1 |
| What does the jugular notch correspond with? | T2 AND T3 |
| What does the sternal angle correspond with? | T4 and T5 |
| How can you locate T7? | 3-4 inches inferior to jugular notch |
| What corresponds to the xiphoid process? | T9-T10 |
| What corresponds with the lower costal margin? | L2-L3 |
| What corresponds with the iliac crest? | L4-L5 |
| What corresponds to ASIS? | S1-S2 |
| Where is the mentomeatal (MML) positioning line? | Runs from the mentum to the EAM |
| Where is Acanthiomeatal (AML) positioning line? | Runs from the acanthion to the EAM |
| What are the two defining characteristics of C1-C7? | 1.3 foramina each 2.more dominate articular pillars |
| How is the spinous process on C2-C6 different from the rest of the C-spine? | bifid tips |
| What is C7 defined as? | vertebral prominens (has 1 long spinous process) |
| Does C1/Atlas have a body? | no |
| What does C1/Atlas have instead of a spinous process? | posterior tubercle |
| What is another term for the lateral masses on C1/Atlas? | articular pillars |
| What is the most defining feature of C2/axis? | the dens |
| What does the T-spine contain that C-spine and L-spine do not have? | Costal facets |
| What are the 4 routine projections of the C-spine? | AP "Open Mouth",AP Axial, Bilateral axial obliques, Lateral |
| What are the 2 special projections of the C-spine? | Flexion/Extension, Fuchs & Judd |
| What is the KVp range and focal spot size for C-spine? | 70-80 KVP small focal spot size |
| What size IR should be used for an AP "Open Mouth" | 8x10 |
| When would you perform a Fuchs or Judd projection? | If dens is not demonstrated on a AP "Open Mouth" |
| What anatomy will be demonstrated on AP "Open Mouth" projection? | odontoid process (dens), lateral masses of C1,and Zygapophyseal joints of C1 &C2 |
| What projection is AP "Open Mouth"? | Anteroposterior |
| What is the projection for AP axial position? | Anteroposterior axial |
| Where is the CR for an AP axial projection? | at the level of C4 & MSP |
| How much would you angle and which way and for an AP axial projection? supine and erect | supine-15* cephalad erect- 20* cephalad |
| What are the patient instructions for AP axial projection? | Do not breath, move, or swallow |
| Why do you angle on an AP axial projection? | To better visualize the intervertebral disks |
| What anatomy should be demonstrated on a AP axial projection? | Vertebral bodies C3-T2 and intervertebral disk spaces C3-T2 |
| What SID is used on an oblique C-spine? | 40'' or 72'' 72'' is more common |
| On a c-spine what is the angle that pedicles lie from the MCP? | 45* angle |
| What is the projection for left and right posterior axial oblique position? | Anteroposterior axial oblique |
| What is the projection for a C-spine right and left anterior axial oblique position (RAO/LAO)? | Posteroanterior axial oblique projection |
| What anatomy is clearly demonstrated on a C-spine RAO/LAO? | intervertebral foramina and pedicles closet to IR |
| What anatomy is clearing demonstrated on a C-spine RPO/LPO? | intervertebral foramina and pedicles farthest from the IR |
| What is the SID for a lateral C-spine? | 72'' |
| Where is the CR for a lateral C-spine? | perpendicular to C4 and MCP |
| What should be demonstrated on a lateral C-spine? | pre-vertebral fat strip, vertebral bodies C1-C7,superimposed RT & LT,zygapophyseal joints,posterior arch of C1 in profile, superimposed articular pillars |
| What x-ray must you take before doing flexion extension c-spine positions? | lateral to rule out cervical fracture |
| Is the patient supine or prone for a Fuchs position? | supine |
| Is the patient supine or prone for a Judd position? | prone |
| Where is the CR for a Fuchs position? | parallel to MML, directed to inferior tip of manible |
| Where is the CR for a Judd position? | parallel to MML,enter the occipital bone about 1'' inferoposterior to mastoid tips & angle of mandible. |
| For a Fuchs & Judd projection where is the dens projected? | Within the foramen magnum |
| What is the name for the erect C-spine swimmers position? | Twining method |
| What is the name for the recumbent C-spine swimmers position? | Pawlow method |
| What is the the angle on C-spine swimmers if the shoulder is not depressed? | 3*-5* caudad |
| What anatomy is visualized on a C-spine swimmers position? | vertebral bodies C5-T4,elevated humerus,superimposed vertebrae, right & left zygapophyseal joints superimposed. |
| What technique can be used for a cross table lateral projection for the C-spine? | Air-Gap technique |
| What are the routine projections for T-spine? | AP and Lateral |
| What are the special projections for the T-spine? | Swimmers and Oblique |
| What is the KVp range for T-spine and the focal spot size? | 80-90 KVp and small focal spot |
| What is the SID and IR size for T-spine? | 40'' and 14X17 |
| What needs to be used on T-spines to help with scatter? | lead blocker |
| With the anode heel affect where is the intensity of radiation the greatest? | cathode |
| Where is the CR for a AP position T-spine? | T7 & MSP |
| What type of filter would be useful in obtaining uniform brightness and density on a AP T-spine? | Wedge compensating filter. |
| What vertebral bodies need to be demonstrated on an AP T-spine? | C7-L1 |
| What type of breathing technique is used for a lateral T-spine? | orthostatic |
| What type of technique needs to be set for a orthostatic breathing technique for the lateral T-spine? | low mA and high time (3 or 4 sec.) |
| Where is the CR for a lateral position T-spine? | perpendicular to T7 & posterior half of thorax |
| What vertebral bodies should be demonstrated on a lateral T-spine? | T2-L1 |
| For a oblique T-spine how much do you rotate the patient if they start in a lateral position? | 20* (to create 70*) |
| What does a LAO/RAO T-spine demonstrate? | Zygapophyseal joints closest to the IR |
| What does a LPO/RPO T-spine demonstrate? | Zygapophyseal joints farther from IR |
| Where do center for T-spine obliques? | T7 |
| What are the routine views for a scoliosis series? | AP/PA and lateral |
| Why is PA recommended for a scoliosis series? | to reduce dose to radiosensitive areas such as beast and thyroid |
| Is a scoliosis series done erect or supine? | erect |
| what is the SID for scoliosis series? | 40''-60'' |
| What is S.A.M. an acronym for? | Shield, Align, Mark |
Created by:
lchadderton
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