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GI
GI Stuff
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| achlorydria | an abnormal condition characterized by the absence of HCL in gastric secretions. |
| achalasia | an abnormal condition characterized by the inability of a muscle, particulary the cardaic sphincter to relax |
| anastamosis | the surgical joining of 2 ducts or blood vessles to allow flow from one to the other. |
| chachekia | general ill health and malnutrition, marked by weakness and emaciation, usually assoc with a serious disease such as cancer. |
| Carcino Embryonic Antigen (CEA) | glycoprotien found in adeno carcinoma and other cancers. found in non-malignant conditions. |
| dehiscence | a partial or complete seperation of a surgical incision, or ruptured wound closure. |
| dysphagia | difficulty swallowing |
| evisceration | protrusion of an internal organ through a disrupted wound or surgical incision |
| exacerbation | an increase in the seriousness of a disease or disorder marked by a greater intensity in the s/s fo the pt being tx. |
| hematemesis | vomiting blood |
| intussuception | infolding one segment of the intestine into the lumen of another. |
| lumen | the space within an artery, vein, intestine or tube. |
| melena | black tarry stool containing digested blood. |
| occult blood | blood that is hidden or obstructed from view. |
| pathognomonic | s/s specific to a disease or condition |
| remissions | a decrease in the severity of a disease or any of it's s/s. |
| steatomhea | fatty stools. |
| stoma | a mouth or an opening. |
| tenesmus | persistant, ineffectual, spasams of the rectum or bladder accompanied by the desire to empty the bowel or bladder. |
| volvusus | a twisting of the bowel onto itself causing intestinal obstruction. |
| mouth | enterance to the digestive system. digestion begins in the mouth. |
| esophagus | the tube that moves food from the mouth to the stomach. peristalsis move the bolus. no digestion is done here. |
| stomach | the enterance is the cardaic sphincter. the exit is the pryloric sphincter. in the stomach HCL activaites pepsin. mucin protects the stomach lining. |
| small intestine | has 3 sections. the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. the digestion of carbs and protiens is finished here. bile from the liver breaks molecules into smaller droplets. pancreatic juices break down protiens and convert starches into simple sugars. |
| the small intestine________________ the products of digestion into the blood stream | asorbs |
| large intestine | composed of the cecum, apendix, ascending, tranverse, and sigmoid colons. |
| 4 major functions of the large intenstine | completion of asorbtion, manufacture of vitamins, formation of feces, and expulsion of feces. |
| anus | where fecal matter is expelled |
| teeth | used for mastication |
| tongue | involved in chewing, swallowing and formation of speech. |
| salivary glands | secrete a substance called saliva. keeps the musous membrane of the mouth moist. saliva helps to disolve food. a major enzyme in saliva is ptyalin, which initiates carb metabolism. lysozome protects the mouth from infection and teeth from decay. |
| 3 pairs of salivary glands | partoid, submandibular and sublingual |
| liver | largest gland in the body. divided into 2 lobes. produces bile which is necessary for the metabolism of fats. releases 500-1000ml of bile daily. |
| functions of the liver | manages blood coagulation, manfactures cholesterol, manufactures albumin, filters RBC'S, converts amonia to urea, stores glycogen, activaites vitamin D, breaks down nitrogenous waste, and detoxifies poisons such as ETOH and nicotine. |
| gallbladder | bile is stored in the gallbladder until needed for fat digestion. |
| pancreas | is an active organ involved with both endocrine and exocrine functions. It also aids in digestion. it contains an alkaline substance sodium bicarbonate and has the ability to neutralize HCL in gastric juices that enter the sm. intestine. |
| Upper GI Study | a series of radiographs of the lower esophagus, stomach and duodenum, using barius sulfates as a contrast medium. It detects abnormal conditons of the Upper GI tract including tumors and other ulcerative lesions. |
| Upper GI Study NSG interventions: | Maintain NPO status after midnight and avoid smoking. Rectally expell all barium after exam by increasing fluids and give MOM. |
| Tubal Gastric Analysis: | The contents of the stomach are aspirated, to determine the amount of acid produced by the parietal cells in the stomach. It determines the completeness of a vagotomy, hypersecretion, acholorhydria, estimate acid secret capicity or assay intrinsic factor |
| Tubal Gastric Analysis NSG Interventions: | DO NOT give anticholinergic medications. NPO after midnight and make sure pt does not smoke. |
| Esophagogastrodudoenoscopy: | =endoscopy. Visualization of the upper GI tract by means of a long scope. Examined for tumors, polyps, ulcers, strictures and obstructions. It can be used to obtain biopsy or culture. |
| Endoscopy NSG Interventions: | explain the procedure, maintain NPO status after midnight, have pt sign consent form. DO NOT allow pt to eat or drink until gag reflex returns (2-4hr) Assess for s/s of preforation, abdominal pain, tenderness, gaurding, oral bleeding, melena, and shock. |
| Esophageal Function Studies (Bernstien Test): | an acid profusion test. It is used to reproduce symptoms of GI reflux. It aids in diferentiating pain caused by reflux from that caused by angina pectoris. |
| Bernstien Test NSG Interventions: | Avoid sedating the pt. NPO 8hr before the exam. HOLD: antacids, and analgesics. |
| Exam of stool for Occult Blood: | if blood is detected in the stool, a benign or malignant GI tumor can be suspected. Tests include: Guiac, Homocult, and Hematest. May also occur in ulceration and inflamation fo the upper or lower GI tract. |
| NSG Interventions for Occult Blood Exam: | keep spec free of urine or TP. Hve pt avoid red meat for 24-48 hours before the test. |
| Barium Study Enema: | consists of a series of radiograhs of the colon used to demonstrate the persence and location of tumors, polyps, or diverticula. It reduces non-strangulated ileocolic intrussuception in children. |
| Barium Study Enema NSG Interventions: | admin cathertics such as magnesium before enema. MOM is given to stimulate the evacuation ot the barium. |
| Stool Culture: | exam of stool for the presence of bacteria, ova and parasites. |
| Stool Culture NSG Interventions: | admin enema. 0.9%NS or Tap H2O only. No SSE. |
| Obstruction Series: | (A flat plate of the abd) Is performed on pt who have a suspected bowel obstruction, paralytic ileus, preforated viscus or abdominal abscess. |
| Obstruction Series NSG Interventions: | ensure that THIS study is scheduled before any barium studies. |
| Mechanical Intestinal Obstruction: | is caused by an occlusion of the lumen of the intestinal tract. It occurs in the ileum. It includes adhesions or incarcarated hernias. Impacted feces, tumor, intussuception, volvus, bowel disease and residues of food high in fiber. |
| NON-Mechanical Intestinal Obstruction: | May result from a neurovascular of muscular disorder. Paralytic ileus is the most common form. It included inflammation, resp or electrolyte abnormality, thoracic or lumbar spinal trauma. the most common cause is emboli + atherosclerosis mesen. arterie |
| Low Residue Diet: | A low fiber diet, or diet with foods that do not leave residue behind. |
| High Residue Diet: | Fiborus foods. Foods with skin such as green beans that can leave parts of themselves in the GI tract. |
| Treatments for Ulcers: | AVOID THE TRIGGER!, Antacids (tums, rolaids, etc.), H2 Blockers (Tagamed, Dines) work as an antihistimine for the stomach, proton pump inhibitiors (Protonix, Prilosec) |
| The difference between Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers: | With a duadonal ulcer you feel better when you eat............ With a GASTRIC ulcer you feel worse. |
| A lower GI bleed can present with: | melena |
| A slow bleed or duedonal bleed can present with: | coffee ground emesis |
| Do not give a patient with ecoli these drugs: | ANTI MOTILITY! |
| Have the pt do this before paracentisis: | Empty the bladder |
| LLQ Pain can indicaite | diverticulitis |
| Avoid a diet high in ____________ with cholecystitis. | fats |
| Laennec's Cirrosis is caused by: | ETOH |
| GERD and Esophagitis is: | a chronic inflammation fo the esophagus due to reflux of stomach acid and digestive juices or as a side effect of meds. Usually occurs in 30-60 year olds who are overweight. |
| Gastritis: | and inflammation of the lining of the stomach. |
| Esophageal Varices | hemmroids of the esophagus, can be life threatening, eat soft food |
| Gastric Ulcers Can be ____________. | malignant |
| H.plori is identified in most pts with gastric and duodenal uclers it is a ___________. | bacterial infection. |
| dumping syndrome | rapid gastric emptying caused by bolus of hypertonic food distending the duodenum or jejunum. Food has more stuff in it than it should. Water surges there and caused the distention. pt has unpredictable BS swings, and malabsorption of nutrients. |
| Stomach Cancer | Common causes are genetics, diet (high in nitrates), smoking, ETOH. Usually in upper portion of stomach. Fecal occult blood test can detect. Cilaic disease can also cause it. Tx: Surgery chemo, radiation. Pt will get a feeding tube and is not eating. |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome: | IBS: bowel problem. Can be linked with anxiety disorders. Sx relieved by BM. Tx: low level anti-anxiety meds, and dietary counseling. |
| ulcerative colitis: | A COLON PROBLEM! Lots of stools, up to 20 per day. |
| Chron's disease: | can extend up tot jeujenum and down to the colon. Frequent stools. |
| The difernece between colitis and chron's is _______________________________. | Colitis happens in the colon where Chron's can happen anywhere on the GI tract. |
| Nasty Nasty Colstridium difficle: | C. Diff: antibx assoc colitis. uncontrolled wet smelly chemically stools. comes form spore forming organism. it is related to tetnus. Can live on surfaces for 6-9mo. yogurt can help get rid of it. also flagel. vancomycin. |
| E.Coli: | severe food poisoning in people. extreme diarrhea, and people become septic quickly. |
| diverticulosis | outpouching or herniations of intestinal mucosa. presents with pain, low fever, low appetiet, gaurding, and increased WBC'S and distention. give guiac stools, give antibiotics and diet high in fiber. |
| peritonis | inflammation of the abdominal peritoneum, the patient presents with gaurding |
| gastroperisis | paralyzed stomach |
| Chron's Disease | ma involve the full length of the intestine, involves all layers of the bowel, may observe steatorrhea, malasorption/and nutritional deficits. Several soft stools daily. seen more in young people, fall patients need a good diet, drugs and suport system. |
| TX of Chron's Disease: | includes sterioids. these drugs are targeted to interrupt the immune system at some point. |
| Hernias | can be congenital |
| hiatal hernia | protrusion of the stomach and other abdominal viscera through an opening in the membrane or dissue of the diaphragm. |
| hemorrhoids | varicosities that occur either outside or inside of the anal sphincter. pallative treatments. |
| reducable hernia | can be pushed back in |
| incarcarated hernia | cannot be pushed back in, people need truss or surgery to fix them. |
| strangulated hernia | a SURGICAL EMERGENCY people need surgery asap becasue tissue is losing the blood supply. |
| A nursing goal for the patient with an ileostomy or colostomy is: | fostering pt independance with daily care when the pt is ready. Also keeping the surgical area free of infection is important rectal surgery. |
| caries | cavities |
| hairy leukoplakia | immune comprimised state. caused by the epstien barr virus (herpes). seen a lot in male HIV patients. |
| Intestinal disorders interfere with: | nutritional balance, hydration and evacuation. |
Created by:
heidiannee
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