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American History I
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| French and Indian War | 1754 to 1763; colonial extension of 7 Years War that ravaged Europe 1756 to 1763; bloodiest American war in 18th Century; involved people on 3 continents including Caribbean; product of imperial struggle, |
| French and Indian War (2) | clash between French and English over colonial territory and wealth; began in Nov 1753 when Washington when on mission in Ohio region to deliver message to French captain demanding French troops withdraw from the territory; demand rejected; |
| French and Indian War (3)- Washington | Washington received authorization to build fort near Pittsburgh; unsuccessful due to French presence in area; Washington had to give up fort which lead to small battles; |
| French and Indian War (4) - Braddock | sent by British to oversee colonial forces; on his way to remove French from Fort Duquesne was surprised by French and lost his life in the battle. |
| French and Indian War (5) - Oswego and Ticonderoga | 1756 - 1759, French dominated the battlefield due to being outnumbered, defeated English in battles at Fort Oswego and Ticonderoga; Fort Henry battle ended in massacre of British soldiers by Indians allied with the French |
| French and Indian War (6) - Lord William Pitt | 1758, British began making peace with important Indian allies and under the direction of Pitt began adapting Indian war strategies to fit the territory and landscape of the American frontier. |
| French and Indian War (7) - French defeat at Quebec | French were defeated in Sept 1769 in Quebec |
| Treaty of Paris (1763) | ended the French and Indian War and the European 7 Years War, set terms by which French would capitulate; France was forced to surrender all of their American possessions to British and Spanish. |
| Aftermath of French and Indian War | results effectively ended French political and cultural influence in North America; England gained massive amounts of land and vastly strengthened its hold on the continent; Badly eroded relationship between England and Native Americans; |
| Aftermath of French and Indian War (colonies) | Effect of the war played a major role in the worsening relationship between England and its colonies that eventually led into the Revolutionary War |
| Reasons for French and Indian War | imperialism; French and English competing for land and trading rights in North America, especially Ohio Valley |
| Aftermath of French and Indian War (Britain and colonies) | British ended policy of salutary neglect, attempting to keep colonials under a more watchful eye; British raised taxes in an effort to pay off the war; colonies were discontent |
| Aftermath of French and Indian War (British and Native Americans) | British retributed against Natives who fought on side of the French by cutting off their supplies and forcibly compelling tribes to obey rules of the new mother country; Pontiac's War |
| Cherokee, Catawba, Creeks, Choctaw, and Chickasaw tribes | inhabited mountainous region between the French and British lands in North America, and attempted to maintain their autonomy by trading with both nations |
| British expansion in North America | 1727, British constructed trading fort, Oswego, on banks of Lake Otantario |
| New France and Ohio Valley | 1762, Duquesne assumed governorship of New France, specific instructions to secure possession of Ohio Valley |
| Native Americans and French and Indian War | nations that lived in the region played a pivotal role in both the instigation and the outcome of the conflict; Iroquois were good at playing English and French against each other; guerrilla warfare |
| Fort George/Duquesne/Pitt | centrally located fort in Pittsburgh, changed hands many times during the war; site of England's first disastrous battle in which Braddock lost his life. |
| Fort Necessity | hastily constructed in Great Meadows; site of Washington's first defeat in 1754 |
| Fort Henry | site of most notorious massacre in colonial history; located near Hudson River; fell to the French in 1767 |
| Louisbourg | important city on east coast of Canada; French stronghold of arms and supplies |
| Ticonderoga | major French fort and city north of Albany, NY; British failed repeatedly to seize it; finally succeeded in 1769 |
| Timeline 1 (French and Indian War) | 1748: King George's War 1754: first battle; Washington defeats French in surprise attack; Fort Necessity built 1754: French take Fort Necessity 1754: Washington resigns 1755: British take Nova Scotia 1755: Battle of Lake George |
| Timeline 2 (French and Indian War) | 1756: Declaration of War 1756: Fort Oswego captured by French 1757: Fort Henry taken by French 1758: Fort Ticonderoga taken by French 1758: British take Louisbourg 1758: British take Fort Duquesne 1759: British take Fort Ticonderoga |
| Timeline 3 (French and Indian War) | 1759: British win battle of Quebec 1760: British take Montreal 1760: functional end of war 1763: Treaty of Paris signed 1763: Pontiac's War (Ottowa chief) |
| Stamp Act Congress | 1773; first pan-colonial meeting of political leaders |
| Committee of Correspondence | organized by Samuel Adams; made up system of communication between patriot leaders in towns in New England and other colonies; provided political organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament |
| Declaratory Act | Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases; passed after repeal of Stamp Act |
| Quartering Act | 1765; required colonial assemblies to pay for certain supplies for troops stationed within their respective colonies; 1767 New York refused to comply, provoking Parliament to threat to null all laws passed in NY legislature |
| Stamp Act | required Americans to buy special watermarked paper for newspapers and all legal documents; violators faced jury-less trials in vice-admiralty courts; provoked first organized response to British impositions |
| Sugar Act | lowered the duty on foreign-produced molasses in attempt to discourage smuggling; Americans could export many commodities only if they passed through British ports first; heavy duty on Madiera wine from Portugal |
| Revenue Act (Townshend Duties) | 1767; taxed glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea entering colonies; |
| Virginia Resolves | response to Stamp Act, Patrick Henry persuaded VA House of Burgesses to adopt several resolutions that denied Parliament's right to tax colonies |
| Pontiac's War | Ottawa leader who led a series of attacks against the British forts near the Greak Lakes, 8 of which he successfully sacked |
| Boston Massacre | 1770, Attucks led a crowd to demonstrate against the customs agents; |
| Stamp Act Congress | 1765, representatives of 9 colonial assemblies met in NYC at Stamp Act Congress; colonies agreed widely on Parliament not taxing anyone outside Great Britain and could not deny anyone a fair trial |
| Timeline 4 (1700s) | 1763: Treaty of Paris signed 1763: Pontiac's War begins 1763: Proclamation of 1763 1764: Sugar Act 1765: Stamp Act 1765: Quartering Act 1765: VA Resolves 1765: Stamp Act Congress 1766: Stamp Act repealed 1767: Townshend duties enacted |
| Proclamation of 1763 | land transactions made to west of Appalachian crest would be governed by the British government rather than by the colonies |
| Timeline 5 (1700s) | 1768: Troops land in Boston 1770: Boston Massacre 1770: Townshend duties repealed |
| Suspension Act | 1767; suspended the NY assembly for not enforcing the Quartering Act |
| Tea Act | 1773; granted financially troubled British East India Company a trade monopoly on the tea exported to American colonies which led to the Dec 16 1773 dumpting of tea (Boston Tea Party) |
| Coercive/Intolerable Acts | 1774, shut down Boston Harbor until the British East India Company had been fully reimbursed for the tea |
| Quebec Act | granted more rights to French Canadian Catholics and extended French Canadian territory south to the western borders of NY and PA |
| Concord | 1775, part of British occupation force in Boston marched to Concord, MA to seize a colonial militia arsenal; militia from Lexington and Concord intercepted them; short heard around the world |
| Second Continental Congress | Olive Branch petition, professed their love and loyalty to the king and begged him to address their grievances; king rejected them and declared them in state of rebellion |
| John Adams | lawyer; defended British soldiers accused of murdering 5 civilians during Boston Massacre; delegate from Mass in Continental Congresses where he rejected proposals for reconciliation with Britain |
| George Grenville | prime minster of Parliament; responsible for enforcing the Navigation Act, passing of Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Currency Act, and Quartering Act; assumed colonists would be willing to bear a greater tax burden after Britain invested so much protecting them |
| Thomas Hutchinson | governor of Mass; forbade the British East India Company's tea ships from leaving Boston Harbor until they had unloaded their cargo, prompting disguised colonists to destroy the tea in the Boston Tea Party |
| Thomas Jefferson | drafted the Declaration of Independence |
| Thomas Paine | wrote Common Sense |
| Albany Congress | congress convened by British officials in 1754 promoting a unification of British colonies in NA for security and defense against the French |
| Battle of Lexington and Concord | 1775, opened the Revolutionary war; militiamen fought back and eventually forced the British to retreat, harrying the redcoats on the route back to Boston using guerrilla tactics; significant turning point b/c open military no reconciliation possible |
| Battle of Saratoga | 1777, British defeat that was a major turning point in the Revolutionary war; convinced the French to ally with the US and enter war against Britain |
| First Continental Congress | 1774, delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies (GA didn't attend) in order to protest the Intolerable Acts; created an association to organize and supervise a boycott on all British goods |
| Mercantilism | economic theory of the 1700s; nations should amass wealth in order to increase their power |
| Declaration of Independence | 1776, assisted the Second Continental Congress in obtaining aid from foreign countries; clearly outlined the history of abuses the colonists suffered under British rule since the end of the French and Indian War in 1763 |
| Articles of Confederation | established a loose federation of states that all essentially acted as individual republics; the balance of power lay heavily in the states favor and the national government was far too weak to perform even its basic duties |
| 1780s government under Articles of Confederation | unable to successfully levy and collect taxes, unable to carry out the basic requirements of diplomacy |
| Shay's Rebellion | alerted many Americans to the weakness of the current national government |
| Constitutional Convention | met in PA and determined that it was in the nation's best interest to create an entirely new framework of government |
| Constitution | set out the tripartite system of government in place today; created a bicameral legislature consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, established a judicial branch |
| Federalists | wanted a government that had broad powers |
| Articles of Confederation (2) | granted few powers to the central government and left most powers up to the individual states; replaced by the Constitution in 1789 |
| Connecticut Comrpomise | established equal representation for all states in the Senate and proportional representation by population in the House of Representatives |
| Constitution | 1789, created a strong central government with broad judicial, legislative, and executive powers |
| Jay's Treaty | provided for the removal of British troops from American land, and avoided the outbreak of war with Britain |
| NJ Plan | alternative to VA Plan; favored small states in that it proposed a unicameral Congress with equal representation for each state |
| NW Ordinance | 1787, defined process by which new states could be admitted into the Union from the NW territory; forbade slavery but allowed citizens to vote on the legality of slavery once statehood was established |
| 3/5th Clause | allowed 3/5th of all slaves to be counted as people |
| VA Plan | proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature with representation in both houses proportional to population |
| Annapolis Convention | originally planned to discuss the promotion of interstate commerce, delegates from 5 states met in 1786, suggested a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation |
| Constitutional Convention | Response to Annapolis convention; Congress called states to send delegates to PA to amend the Article; 7187 except RI and drafted an entirely new framework of government which gave greater power to the central government |
| Shay's Rebellion | 1786, West MA farmers organized in attempt to shut down 3 county courthouses through violent means in order to prevent foreclosure proceedings; easily put down; alerted many to weakness of government under the Articles |
| Whiskey Rebellion | high excise tax, 1794; Washington led a force of militiamen to crush the rebellion |
| Second Continental Congress | 1775 - 1781; produced Declaration of Independence, drafted Articles of Confederation, served as unofficial national government, managed the war effort, finances and foreign affairs while Articles were debated |
| Problems Under the Articles | most state currencies had become useless due to wartime inflation, Congress printed its own continental dollars to keep the economy alive; Congress could not raise enough money from states; most states ignored Congress attempts to resolve interstate probs |
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