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MicroViral Disease
Micro106 - Viral Diseases of Blood & Lympatic
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is HIV? | It is Human immunodeficiency virus, it is a member of the Retroviridae family, a retrovirus. |
| What are HIVs characteristics? | It contains two copies of a single stranded RNA. The genome is packed with reverse transcriptase - it copies RNA into DNA. |
| How does the HIV virus work? | Once the RNA is transcribed into double stranded DNA, the DNA integrates into the host DNA as a provirus. |
| What does HIV infect? | HIV normally infects the immune system T lymphocytes (CD4 T cells). It incapacitates the T lymphocytes allowing opportunistic pathogens to infect the body. |
| What are the symptoms of Stage 1 HIV? | Flu-like illness within a month or two of exposure. Seroconversion means the immune system is activated against the virus and antibodies can be detected in the blood. |
| What are they symptoms of Stage II HIV? | The individual usually remains free of major disease, even without treatment. Can last 6 to 8 years during which the HIV levels in blood slowly rise |
| What are the symptoms of Stage III HIV? | Occurs when the immune system loses the fight against HIV. Symptoms worsen and opportunistic infections develop. |
| How is HIV transmitted? | HIV is transmitted through blood & sexual contact. Health care workers can be at risk through needle sticks. Infected mothers can transmit the virus during birth or breastfeeding. |
| What is AZT? | AZT is Azidothymidine. It is the first drug used for treatment. It interferes with reverse transcriptase activity. |
| What is HAART? | Since HIV can become resistant to some antivirals, a cocktail of drugs called highly active antiretroviral therapy are used. HAART reduces the risk of transmission and can extend life of patients by 8 years. |
| Why isn't there a vaccine for HIV? | HIV continually mutates and recombines making vaccine development difficult. A vaccine would need to activate T lymphocytes. |
| What is hepatitis? | Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver produced by autoimmune disease, alcohol or drug abuse, genetic disorders or microbial infections. |
| What are the characteristics of Hepatitis B virus (HBV)? | It is a member of the Hepadnaviridae family. It is a double-straded DNA genome with a partial single strand and is the smallest know DNA virus. The nucleocapsid is surrounded by a core antigen HBcAg, and an envelope containing a surface antigen HBsAg. |
| What are the symptoms of HBV? | Symptoms include fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, right side abdominal pain, dark colored urine & jaundice. |
| How is HBV transmitted? | Transmission usually involves direct or indirect contact with bodily fluid, blood, semen or vaginal fluid. Other risk factors include sharing needles, tattooing, and piercings. Incubation can be 4 weeks to 6 months, people can be carriers of HBV. |
| What are the characteristics of Hepatitis C virus (HBC)? | It is a member of the Faviviridae family. It is a single stranded, enveloped RNA virus. It is transmitted by blood, most cases involve sharing syringes, tattooing & piercing. It is rarely passed by sexual contact. |
| What are the symptoms of HCV? | Few symptoms are associated with primary infection, most cases develop a symptomless chronic infection involving cirrhosis and possibly incites inflammatory & immune responses. |
| What is the major complication with HCV? | HCV damage is the primary reason for liver transplants in the US. Damage is accelerated by alcoholism & drug use. |
| What are flaviviruses? | Flaviviruses are also called arboviruses because they are arthropod borne (carried by insects). |
| What is yellow fever? | Yellow fever was the first human disease to be associated with a virus. It is passed by mosquitoes. |
| What are the symptoms & possible complications of yellow fever? | Primary symptoms include headache, fever & muscle pain. Severe symptoms can include black vomit, jaundice, hemorrhaging of the gums, nose & mouth. 50% enter a coma and die from internal bleeding. Vaccines are available, but no therapeutic drugs exist. |
| What is Dengue fever? | Dengue fever occurs in 4 types. Early signs include high fever and prostration, sharp pains & bone braking sensations. Complications occur if another type of dengue fever enters the body, rash from skin hemorrhages, severe vomiting & shock, hypotension. |
| What are Bunyaviruses? | Bunyaviruses are viruses that are spread by infected animals. |
| What is Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)? | It is caused by a strain of hantavirus named 'Sin Nombre' or no name. It is an enveloped virus with single stranded RNA genome divided into 3 segments. |
| What is the host of HPS? | The deer mouse is the host. It sheds the virus in saliva, urine & feces. |
| How are humans infected with HPS? | Humans are infected by inhaling dried, aerolsolized urine or feces. Don't sweep a dry possibly contaminated floor with a broom, use a wet mop to prevent the pathogens from becoming airborne. |
| What are the symptoms of HPS? | Many suffer from headaches, dizziness, difficulty breathing and hypotension. Inflammation causes capillaries to leak fluid into lungs. Respiratory failure can occur as lungs fill with fluid. |
Created by:
jrb265
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