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Blood and Lymph
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| erythrocytes | give bood its color. Carries o2 to the cells from the lungs and carbon dioxide away from the cells to the lungs. Produced in the red bone marrow. |
| leukocytes | involved in the body defenses, such as destruction of bacteria and viruses. |
| thrombocytes | platelets. Assist in clotting formation which seals off a break in the walls of a blood vessle. |
| Factors necessary for the formation of erythrocytes: | erythropoiesis (the process of RBC production) depends on healthy conditions of the bone marrow, diets in iron and copper, amino acids and vitamins esp. B12. |
| What does the leukocyte differential mean? | an exam in wihich the different kind of WBC'S are counted and reported as percentages of the total examined. Used to diagnose a disease or to discriminate between a bacterial and viral infection. |
| Blood Clotting Process: | release of clotting factors from injured tissue cells and platelets. formation of thrombin. formation of fibrin and trapping of RBC's to form a clot. |
| names of the basic blood groups: | A, B, AB, or O. AB is the universal recipient. O is the universal donor. |
| the lymph system is a division of the cardiovascular system, it has 3 major functions: | maintenance of fluid balance, production of lymphocytes, and absorption and transport of lipids from the intenstine to the blood stream. |
| lymphnodes | filter impurities from the lymph (defense)produce lymphocytes (production) |
| tonsils | masses of lymphoid tissue embedded in the mucous membrane of the oral cavity and the pharynx. Protectes the body against invasion of foreign substance by producing antibodies and lymphocytes. |
| spleen | serves as a reservoir for blood, forms lymphocytes, monocytes and plasma, destroys worn out RBC's, removes bacteria by phagocytosis, and produces RBC's before birth. |
| thymus | develops the immune system in utero and for a few months after birth. develops T-lymphocytes of the cell mediated immune response before they migrate to the lymph nodes and spleen. |
| anemia | blood disorder characterized by RBC, hemoglobin and hct levels below normal range. |
| aplasia | failure of the normal process of cell generation and development |
| disseminated intravascular coagualtion DIC: | acquired hemorrhage syndrome of clotting, cascade, over stimulation and anti-clotting process. |
| erythrocytosis | an abnormal increase in the number of circulating RBC'S. |
| erythropoiesis | the process of RBC production |
| hemarthrosis | bleeding into a joint space. usually seen in the knees, ankles and elbows. |
| hemophilia A | hereditary coagualtion ddisorder caused by a lack of antihemophiliac factor VII, which is needed to convert prothrombin to thrombin through thromboplasm component. |
| hetrozygous | having 2 different genes |
| idiopathic | cause unknown |
| leukemia | malignant disorder of the hematopoietic system in which an excess of leukocytes accumulates in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. |
| leukopenia | an abnormal decrease in the # of WBC to fewer than 5000/mm3 due to the depression of the bone marrow. |
| lymphangitis | inflammation of one or more lymphatic vessles or channels usually results from acute strep or staph infection in an extremity. |
| lymphedema | primary or secondary disorder characterized by the accumulation of lymph in the soft tissue and edema. |
| multiple myeloma | a malignant neoplastic immunodeficency disease of the bone marrow, turmo is composed of plasma cells. |
| myeloproliferative | excess of bone marrow production |
| pancytopenic | deficient conditon of all three major blood elements. |
| pernicious | capable of causing great injury or destruction: deadly or fatal. |
| Reed Sternburg Cells | Atypical histocytes, large, abnormal multinucleated cells of the lymp system found in Hodgkins. |
| thrombocytopenia | an abnormal hematologic conditon in which the number of platelets is reduced to fewer than 100,000/mm3. |
| CBC Complete Blood Count | detects many disorders of the hematological system and provides data for the dx and evaluation of disorders in the body systems. |
| Erythrocyte Indices | measurements of the size and hemoglobin content of RBC's. This measurement provides infor aobut average volume or size. Of a single RBC. |
| Peripheral Smear: | permits exam of the size, shape and structure of RBC'S, and platelets. Useful in differentiation various forms of anemai and blood dyscarcias. |
| Schilling test and megoblastic anemia profile: | blood test for dx pernicious anemia. measures the absorption of vitamin B12. |
| Gastric Analysis | Older test in determining pernicious anemia |
| Radiologic Studies | Use of CT or MRI for evaluating the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes. |
| bone marrow aspiration or biopsy: | specific for establishing the diagnosis and for treatment and response. used in lukemia. |
| lymphangrography | radiologic exam used to detect metastic involvment of the lymph nodes. |
| Six S/S assoc. with HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK: | weakness, stupor, irritability, pale, cool, moist skin, vs:hypotension, tachycardia, and hypothermia, internal hemmorrhage. |
| adaptive immunity | protection that provides a specific reaction to each invading antagonist and has the unique ability to remember the antigen that caused the attack. |
| allergen | a substance that can produce a hypersensitive reacton in the body but is not necessarily inherently harmful. |
| antigen | a substance recognized by the body as foreign that can trigger an immune response. |
| attenuated | the process of weakening the degree of virulence of a disease or organism. |
| autoimmune | immune response to one's own tissue |
| autologous | somethign that has its origin within and individual esp. a factor present in tissues or fluids. |
| cellualr immunity | acquired immunity characterized by the dominant rule of small T lymphocytes, also called cell mediated immunity. |
| humoral immunity | one of the tow forms of immuity that respond to antigens such as bacteria and foreign tissue immediately by B cells. |
| hypersensitivity | an abnormal condition characterized by and excessive reaction to a particular stimulus |
| immunity | the quality of being insusceptible to or unaffected by a particular disease or conditon. |
| immunization | process by which resistance to an infectious disease is induced or increased. |
| immunocompetence | the ability of an immune system to mobolize and deploy its antibodies and other responses to stimulaton by an antigen. |
| immunodeficiency | an abnormal conditoin of the immune system in which cellular or humora immunity is inadequate and resistance to infection is decreased. |
| immunogen | an agento or substance capable of provoking an immune response or producing immunity. |
| immunology | the study of the immune system |
| immunosuppressive | the administration of agents that significantly interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to antigenic stimulation by immunizations. |
| immunotherapy | special tx for allergic responses. |
| natural innate immunity | is the first line of defense. it provides physical and chemical barriers to invading pathogens and protects against the external environment. Composed of skin, mucous membranes, cilia, stomach acid, tears, saliva, sebacious glands. |
| acquired adoptive immunity | 2nd line of defense. provides a specific reaction to each invading antigen and has the unique ability to remember the antigen that caused the atact. protects the internal environment. antibodies develop naturally after sickness or vaccines. |
| immunization | the immune system mounts a greater response to a second encounter w/ an antigen. the vaccine or toxoid, stimulates humora immunity which provides protection from disease for months to years. |
| immunotherapy | a special tx of allergic responses that admin increasing larger doses to the offending substance to gradually develop immunity. alergy shots is ex. |
| humoral immunity | meadiated by B cells. they produce antibodies in response to antigen challange. 1st exposure is slow compared w/ subsequent antigen exposures. when 2nd exposure occurs it has a quick response, because it remembers how to kill it. |
| cell mediated immunity | T-cells activated by an antigen. Whole cells become sensitized and released into the blood and tissues. On contact w/ antigen they attach to the organism and destroy it. hypersensitivity reaction are cell mediated. |
| immunocompetence | the ability of the immune system to mobolize and use its antibodies and other responses to stimulation by an antigen. |
| immunodeficientcy | an abnormal conditoin of the immune system in which cellular or humoral immunity is inadequate and resistance to infection is decreased. |
| autoimmunity | pertainging to the development of an immune response to one's own tissues. |
| Five risk factors that influence the development of hypersensitivity include: | host response to alergen, exposure amount, nature of the alergen, route of alergen entry, repeated exposure. |
| host response to alergen: | the more sensitibe the individual the greater the allergic response is. |
| exposure amount | the greater the amt of the allergen, the individual is exposed to the greater the chance of severe reaction. |
| nature of the allergen | most allergy reactions are percipitated by complex high molecular weight protien substances. |
| route of allergen entry | most allergens enter the body via gi and respiratory routes. injection of venoms and meds hold a more severe threat of allergic response. |
| repeated exposure: | the more the individual is exposed, the greater the response is. |
| Old RBC's are destroyed by the _________ and recycled. | spleen |
| neurtophils | most abundant responsible for phagocytosis (cell eating/ germs and necrotic tissues) |
| puss is made of | foreign bodies, dead neutrophils and the crap they ate |
| basophils | most rare. responsible for inflammation, they rally the troops. |
| eosinophils | less common, they are involved in alergies and parasytic responses. |
| monocytes | also involved in phagocytosis. largest of teh non granular wbc's. |
| lymphocytes | immune relulators. responsible for antibodies and antigen. |
| normal range for WBC's is: | 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm. |
| Normal Hgb range: | 12-16 women, and 14-18 men. |
| Hct. | is a % of the blood volume. It is the % that is made up of RBC's. |
| What do RBC's need to mature? | Folic Acid and Vitamin B12. If either is deficient you see immature cells or low RBC count. |
| Reticulocytes | are immature RBC's and will be highter in anemic patients. |
| The average life expentcy iof a RBC is? | 120 days |
| This test can look back at the number of RBC's over 3 months. | A1C |
| What does it mean when you hear the term "A shift to the left"? | it means that the immune system is stressed and immature or banded WBC's are in the fight. |
| antigens are protiens that help to identify _____________? | blood types. |
| Coagulation Tests | PT and PTT/INR study used to measure clotting time at different steps. Used for people on cumadin. |
| Schilling Test: | is a test for vitamin B12 deficientcy. |
| Hemochromatosis | Is iron overload. Excess iron is stored in major body organs. It can be primary or secondary. It may damage the liver, pancreas, spleen and heart. |
| Primary Hemochromatosis: | the body asorbs an abnormally high ammount of iron and the treatment is blood letting. |
| Secondary hemochromatosis: | rbc tranfusions cause this because after the RBC's are broken down by the spleen, the iron is still reasorbed by the body. treatment is injectable meds that bind with the iron and it will be excreated. |
| Polycythemia | Is an increase in the number of circulating erythrocytes and the concentration of hbg in the blood. there is primary and secondary. |
| Primary Polycythemia | Is an overproduction of RBC's. |
| Secondary Polycythemia | increase in RBC prodution because the body thinks it needs to produce more. Increased H+H and clotting factors. |
| Who gets secondary Polycythemia | People w/ COPD, and people in high altitudes. People who train in high altitudes for sports of endurance or engage in the illegal practice of transfusions to induce it. It also occurs more in middle aged jewish men. |
| Assessment of Polycythemia | with increaced hct people become really ruddy. maybe sob, c/o arthralgia (joint pain) spleen is the storage tank so maybe enlarged spleen and liver. higer risk for MI and stroke. |
| Treatment of Polycythemia. | Blood letting, hydroxyurea-an antidiauretic hormone used to maintain blood volume. also a low dose of asprin as an anticoaguant therapy. |
| purpura | abnormal redness with a purple kind of coloring to it. can be alone or with edema. |
| Thrombocytopenia | low platelet count. less than 100,000. it can be drug induced (cancer and chemo drugs)and is idiopathic. it is also seen in aplastic anemia. |
| What to watch for with thrombocytopenia | BLEEDING! people can get petichi, brusing and epitaxis. |
| Nursing interventions for thrombocytopenia: | keep pt free from trauma, be careful with nail files and razors, monitor labs, platelet transfusions, make sure people understand the pt is at risk for a bleed, use soft toothbrushes, monitor loc, give laxatives to prevent constipation and straining. |
| Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT): | A clotting disorder caused by heparin use. It is autoimmune: an alergy response. there is thrombocytopenia of 50% below the baseline, and people can chave thrombus, leg pain and clots. usually develoops 4-14 days after start of heparin. tx:STOP HEPARIN |
| IN A PT WHO HAS A DVT/PE AND IS STILL BLEEDING EXPLORE: | HIT! |
| Infectious Mononucleosis: | is spread by drooplets. it can set you up for diseases later in life. |
| Dx Of mono with: | a monospot blood test. |
| S/S of mono: | swollen lymph nodes/ sore throat/ fagigue/ and it can damage the spleen. |
| Lukemia | immature wbc's are crowding out the bone marrow from producing other cells. People with lukemia bruise easily. |
| Tx for Lukemia | bone marrow transplant and chemotherapy. People are on reverse percautions. They need a good diet and sleep. |
| chronic Lukemia | chronic Myeloginus is cancer of the bone marrow with deformed white blood cells. |
| Acute lukemia | all diagnosed by bood work and bone marrow aspiration. radiaion therapy indicaited. |
| Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma's | a group of malignant neoplasms which are characterized by immature lymphocytes. |
| Hodgkin's Disease | abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes- Reed Sternberg Cells |
| Multiple myeloma | cancer of the plasma cells in bone marrow. |
| Signs of tissue hypoxia | confusion, delerium, air hunger SOB, diaphoresis, hypotension, tachycardia, dry mouth, excessive thirst, fatigue, dizziness. |
| inspect for pallor in the: | mucous membranes, nail beds, palmar crease and skin. |
Created by:
heidiannee
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